The Perceived benefits of a Pupil Referral Unit

The Perceived benefits of a Pupil Referral Unit In todays society it is widely accepted that every child has the right to an education. Therefore, even children who show signs of challenging behaviour in schools should be entitled to the same attention from staff and the same standard of education as other children in the school. However, there are some children who cannot be educated within the confines of a mainstream school for a variety of different reasons. Sodha and Margo (2010) have produced data that suggests ; 7.4% of children may have ADHD; 15% of 15 year olds have conduct problems; around 15% of children who start school at age five have troublesome behaviour that might make it difficult to learn; and research suggests that up to 5% of pupils display challenging behaviour at some stage in their school career. In response to these problems Pupil Referral Units (PRUs) were set up. They provided a service which operates outside of mainstream schools and is designed to support children with challenging behaviour and address their behaviour in a more nurturing environment so as to meet their often very complex needs. Get the Right School, (2000-2011) Challenging Behaviour Challenging behaviour can be thought of as being a conflict between a child and the environment according to Loreman (2005). Loreman explains that these conflicts can occur when a child responds to his or her educational environment in ways that differ significantly from age-appropriate expectations and interfere with his or her own learning. This definition appears to suggest, however, that these conflicts are due to an inherent fault within the child that necessitates the removal of that child from a mainstream school. A more reasonable explanation is that these conflicts occur not only because of the child, but also due to the reaction of the professional or service in response to their behaviour, and it is this reaction, therefore, that determines whether the behaviour is challenging of not. (Clark, and Griffiths 2008). This suggests that there is a fundamental need that the service or member of staff, should possess a particular level of ability to enable them to understand and recognise the needs of the child, and it is this ability, therefore, that would determine whether the behaviour of the child was actually challenging or not. There is a whole range of reasons why young people may be required to attend a PRU. Cohen and Hughes, (1994) for example, suggest that these children fall into two distinct categories. Firstly, children who have recognised learning disabilities and particular emotional and behavioural problems, and secondly, those whose behaviour is so disruptive that the mainstream schools decide they cannot offer the appropriate care and help. However in many cases both categories can apply to a child even though the causative and associative factors may differ. However there are a rising number of children who have none of these specific problems but are required to attend a PRU, children who just find it hard to adjust to mainstream schools and also pregnant girls. (DCSF 2008) It can be seen that there is a widely varying mix of children attending these centres. Importance of a Pupil Referral Unit The latest national statistics on permanent and fixed period exclusions from mainstream schools in England produced by the the Department for Education (2010), suggests that that there was an estimated 6,550 permanent exclusions from primary, mainstream secondary and all special schools in 2008/09. The DfE also stated that there were 12,800 young people attending Pupil Referral Units in 2010. Additionally, permanent exclusion from a school has been linked to wider exclusion from society and in order to overcome this, the education system needs to work towards achieving a school which is inclusive for all young people by adopting a culture, pedagogy and curriculum which will support all learners who attend schools which are in areas that have been characterised by social exclusion. (Hayton, 1999) It has also become apparent that there are increasingly mixed views within education as a whole, and even the professionals working within the Pupil Referral Units themselves, disagree on how to deal with young people that actually have more complex needs. Sonia Sodha (2010) makes the point that PRUs are being seen increasingly as sin bins or dumping grounds that schools use to remove problem children from their responsibility. Additionally, the resultant enforced association with anti-social peers, may be counterproductive and actually increase behavioural problems. However, the benefits of a PRU may be perceived very differently from different peoples perspectives. Management and employed staff working within PRUs have just as high a responsibility as any other teacher in mainstream schools, to enable the young people to achieve their full potential in their education and support them in preparing and furthering their personal understanding of what is expected of them within their working life after school. (Ofsted 2005) The Annual Report of Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Schools (2004) states that the number of PRUs has steadily increased. The report states that 25 out of 38 PRUs inspected in 2004/05, were `good` or `better`, providing effectively for the young people they serve. The report also stated that in almost all units, the pupils behaviour and attitudes to learning were judged to have improved since the pupils joined them after moving from their previous schools. It is therefore apparent that for the majority of its children, PRUs do provide an essential and relevant service that cannot be provided in a mainstream school. But is this service based on a `one size fits all` basis? For as we have seen many children have very different problems and needs and it is the sheer diversity of pupils for whom provision within a PRU must cater, that presents the main obstacle to the perceived success of this type of setting. (DCSF 2008). Indeed, according to Gray, (2002), a number of PRU staff would argue that many young people are wrongly placed within PRUs and in actual fact should be placed in more suitable settings for their particular needs e.g. in day or residential special schools. They also argue that reintegration rates would be higher if these pupils within the provision, had less complex needs, and those with much more complex needs should be placed elsewhere for a more appropriate provision in relation to those needs. However, budgetary limitations may well prevent this type of provision emerging. Gray, (2002), explains that the costs per place for these kind of special school provisions are typically more expensive then PRUs probably being for greater than existing financial provision within the LEA. Barriers to Learning Exclusion and truancy are a fundamental challenge in all areas of education and the numbers of truanting and excluded children every day is in the tens of thousands which will have far reaching and serious implications on their education. Rendall, and Stuart (2005). For this reason Local Authorities are actively working together with schools to enable the process between the transfer of a young person from a mainstream school to PRU to be as quick as possible, as well as ensuring they follow all the correct procedures. However the period between pupils being referred to a PRU and actually beginning their time there can often be quite a lengthy period and result in a significant amount of education time being lost. DCSF (2008) Ofsted,( 2007), identified particular challenges that a large variety of different PRUS were now facing, when providing children and young people with a good education. They cited a number of factors, such as pupils with diverse needs and who are of differing age groups, and many pupils arrive with no planning or preparation for those special needs. Staffing issues were also highlighted regarding the limited number of specialist staff who could broaden the curriculum. They also state the difficulties PRUs faced regarding the reintegrating pupils back into mainstream schools. Poor accommodation is also a major factor which can seriously limit the scope of the curriculum available to be taught due to inadequate space. This is particularly relevant in relation to physical education, ICT design and technology, art and music. Therefore Local Authorities have to take this on board when managing education building assets by surveying buildings regularly and prioritising building work including Pupil Referral Units in their plans. DCSF (2008) Longman, and Agar, (1999), also make reference to similar barriers of learning within PRUs, and suggested that many PRUs were physically very small ,with limited staff and facilities. This they suggested, made the provision of expertise and the wide range of practical apparatus that was essential for the success of the PRU, very problematical. The success of PRUs is essentially down to the way they respond to challenges set and the help and support they receive from their Local Authorities (LAs). The LA`s therefore have a specific responsibility in relation to these problems and are required to intervene and take action particularly regarding resources and building issues. (Ofsted, 2007). The Governments policy which is set out under The Childrens Act 2004 aims to improve the outcomes for all children and young people. However many children and young people who attend PRU`s are vulnerable or disadvantaged, and therefore may face more barriers to learning compared to other young people and are at much higher risk of failure as a result. (Department for Education and Skills, 2007), PRU`s and Reintegration into Mainstream Education Hayward, (2006), also makes the point that in theory temporary or part time placements in pupil referral units are available. However, as they are rapidly filling up this is not actually the case, and many young people are continuing their stay into long term placements, which is a real cause for concern as there is no availability for the young people who need short term placements within them. Therefore, it would appear on this evidence that PRUs are in actual fact, not fulfilling their purpose of supporting young people, specifically within the process of reintegrating children and young people back into mainstream schools. Within the actual process of reintegration, there are a large number of different supporting roles designed to help support the pupils that attend, by enabling them receive a good education and help them to achieve their full potential with regard to their social and emotional development during their time in the setting. Kyriacou, (2003), discusses a number of studies that have taken place over the years which highlight the important role that needs to be played by inter agency cooperation both in supporting pupils and schools when a pupil is at risk of exclusion and in helping to support a pupil returning to school after a fixed period exclusion or moving to a new school after a permanent exclusion. One particular study carried out by Normington and Kyriacou (1999) emphasises the importance of communication between agencies. Within this study a number of professionals, such as education psychologists, education welfare officers and teachers to name but a few, were interviewed and asked to focus on the interdisciplinary work that follows permanent exclusions for a sample of pupils who were based at a pupil referral unit. The overall outcome from all professionals involved, suggested that the interagency cooperation is often hampered by heavy case loads and by difficulties in the different agencies keeping each other fully informed. Normington and Kyriacou (1999) cited in Kyriacou, (2003). The professionals taking part in the study also mentioned how improved resources were key, to becoming more successful in this area of interagency cooperation. Conclusion While the need for a PRU is becoming more essential, the findings of Ofsted (2007), reflect a very disappointing situation, with many Pupil Referral Units described as offering an uninspiring curriculum and with a lack of clear vision. The report stated these points as the reason for the failure to reduce days lost as a result of exclusion and failure to improve pupils attendance. It is therefore apparent that while many Pupil Referral Units are an essential struggling to fulfil their responsibilities, particularly in reintegrating young people back into mainstream education. It should be remembered that this was the purpose they were specifically set up to fulfil. All the PRUs made sure personal and social development was emphasised: it was integrated into all lessons and activities, as well as being taught well at discrete times. The PRUs generally monitored personal development well but academic progress less so. I am currently in the process of researching one particular Pupil Referral Unit, which I attended as part of my placement, and I am particularly interested to listen to the views of both the staff and students of this PRU and focus on what they perceive as the benefits, if any, of attending the PRU A number of the staff at this PRU have expressed their opinion that many of these children would benefit more from being referred to a separate provision such as a special school, which focuses on their particular needs in more depth. New Initiatives The DCSF report (2008) maintains that due to the challenges posed by these particular children it is important that PRU`s are constantly assessing their procedures and instigating new systems and initiatives to support the ever changing demands presented by the young people in their provision. For example the PRU where I have been on placement is currently rolling out the practice of Restorative Justice. Wright (1999 cited in Hopkins, 2004) states that restorative justice is not about stating who is to blame and what the punishment will be as a result of a persons harmful actions, but to explore deeper into what happened and being able to put more time into repairing harm done to relationships. The process involves asking questions such as: Who has been affected by what happened? How can we put right the harm? What have we learnt from what has happened and how to make different choices next time? In basic terms restorative justice is a new approach for dealing with situations in a more effective and positive light, enabling young people to move forward in their relationships and learn from what they have done. Wright, (1999), cited in Hopkins, B, (2004).

Admissions Essay - Died Last Night :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay - Died Last Night "Jane died last night." His voice, though quiet, seemed strained. "Are you all right?" I asked. There was a pause. "She wouldn't let go. Do you remember when we were working out a few years ago and you told me Jane looked as if she were going to fall over? She would have if the instructor hadn't told her to sit down. She was so angry with herself for not being able to go on. It was like that at the end. Her heart would stop for long periods and then she would breathe and it would start again. I finally had to tell her it was O.K. and that she should go to sleep." Diagnosed with lymphoma four years ago, Jane had been at war with her disease since. She had lived longer than expected. She had been a fighter. He wasn't telling me for my sake. I was listening because he needed to tell someone. She had not only been his wife, she had been his world. They had had one of those rare relationships where they had loved each other so deeply it was often to the exclusion of the rest of the world. She had been awarded her black belt in Karate the day before she died. She was 52. I had a few hours to kill before meeting my mentor at Swedish-American Hospital so I asked a physician I know to introduce me to someone in the ER whom I could follow. Whenever the books begin to get too heavy and the study hours too long, I head for the hospital to watch surgery or spend time in the ER following doctors. It helps me to remember that the practice of medicine involves taking care of people, not just their bodies. For the first 45 minutes we had the normal whirlwind of fractures, hypoglycemic diabetics, patients in respiratory distress and assorted minor difficulties, and then the call came over the radio. Fourteen year-old male, gunshot wound to the head. Four minutes of organized commotion later I watched as a multitude of attendants swarmed over the body of a boy who had treated life as a game and was losing. Quickly nurses and technicians sliced his clothes away to gain access to life-sustaining blood vessels.

Health Care Industry The World s Largest And Fastest...

Introduction: In today s time, the Health care industry also called the medical industry is one of the world’s largest and fastest growing industries. The Health care industry is a combination and integration of divisions within the economic sector that provides goods and services to treat patients with curative, preventive, rehabilitative and palliative care. In the United States, health care industry is steadily rising to meet the requirements of a growing population with an increasing life expectancy. With all the innovation and technological developments, health care management is becoming one of the fastest growing professions with many prospects in both direct care and non-direct care settings. Direct care settings are those†¦show more content†¦Health care managers need to make sure that the functions are carried out in the best possible ways to meet the organizational goals by conforming the changes in healthcare laws, regulations, and technology. The role of health care manager is crucial as their decision makes a difference in the lives of people who looks forward to receiving appropriate, timely and efficient services possible. Leadership and change management: Good leadership is important for the success of any organizations. However, for the health care industry, which is progressively complex and evolving every day, the need of real leadership is becoming extremely crucial for the organization’s success. The Institute of Medicine report to ERR is Human (IOM, 2000) estimates that 98000 people die in the United States due to medical errors that could have been prevented. The purpose of this report is not to blame the organization but to create awareness that change is required in the system to provide high-quality service and care for all patients. To avoid such circumstances, various solutions include the use of advanced technology, education, and training, spending more capital on planning and operational side of the health care system. However, Leadership is the most important factor among all these solutions to avoid such circumstances and health care managers fulfill this role. A good leader not only manages but set the vision for the team to achieve their goals following a common planShow MoreRelatedChallenges Facing The Pharma Industry1635 Words   |  7 PagesIndustry Forces Within the industry there are several challenges that pharma companies face. Of the challenges, three significantly impact the industry and most certainly shapes how companies like Actavis strategically position themselves within the changing global marketplace. Innovation within the value chain is on the decline from decreased RD productivity Persistent regulatory pressures both in the US and global markets Loss of revenue due to generic competitors and new industry playersRead MoreIndia s Influence On India1257 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as India (â€Å"Central Intelligence Agency†, 2007). India is a high ranking country that has made its mark in history, which has shaped the world today. From their love of culture, respect and inner nature of purity and modesty to the influence in knowledge of Technology, Science and Music, India is considered the mother of cultures. Even as a growing partner to various thriving countries, they are still at the top of the pyramid. The first area of interest is the political structure ofRead MoreEssay about Nursing1109 Words   |  5 PagesWhen you work in the medical field as a nurse it is a very rewarding career. Having a passion or desire to take care of the sick or needy is a clear choice to pursue a career in nursing. As an individual who has this passion I understand the benefits and heartfelt content that comes with being a nurse. There are many men and woman out there that share the same passion and kind heartedness that I have. They are rewarded with smiles and hugs and from knowing they helped an individual or family throughRead MoreBritnnia Biscuits Case Study1155 Words   |  5 PagesASSIGMENT 1 MODULE LEADER : RICHARD ANDERSON Submitted by: Ankit Mehar SID: 3042910 M69EKM BRITANNIA INDUSTRIES LIMITED In 2007, Britannia, one of the India’s largest biscuit brands held a market share of 38% in terms of value. Indian biscuit industry, the third largest producer of the biscuits in the world was highly under-penetrated. This presented numerous growth opportunities to new as well as existing players. Apart from the presence of big playersRead MoreIndi The Next Economic Superpower1540 Words   |  7 Pagesproduction and level of employment are related to attributes including national, regional, and global economies. India being the largest democracy and very high in many other rankings, including national wealth. â€Å"India’s citizens are yet ranked as some of the most impoverished in the whole world.† (Witt, Chapter 11). The International Monetary Fund released an update to its World Economic Outlook report predicting that India’s economy will overtake China in terms of its annual growth rate by 2016. TheRead MoreHealth Care Issues: Right or Privilege1541 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: HEALTH CARE ISSUES: RIGHT OR PRIVILEGE Health Care Issue: Right of Privilege â€Å"America is the technological superpower, the wealthiest nation in the world, and spends significantly more of its gross national product, and spends more per person, than any other nation in the world on health care. So where, then, does America stand on health?† (Lerner Loman, 2005, p. 1). The purpose of this essay is to discuss and explore whetherRead MoreNovartis International Ag - Company Profile3015 Words   |  13 PagesCiba-Geigy and Sandoz Laboratories. Novartis is comprised of four business divisions: pharmaceuticals, vaccines and diagnostics, Sandoz Generics, and consumer health. Dr. Daniel Vasella is Chairman of Novartis since 1999, and is Chief Executive Officer of Novartis since the merger that created Novartis in 1996. The global pharmaceutical industry tops $600 billion in sales annually, where Novartis’ top three competitors are Johnson Johnson, Merck, and Pfizer. Novartis’ sales over the past 5 years haveRead MoreEffects of Globa lisation on Brazil1443 Words   |  6 Pagesglobalisation on Brazil: Orientation: Globalisation refers to the integration between different countries and economies and the increased impact of international influences on all aspects of life and economic activity. Brazil is one of the fastest growing economies and superpower of South America. In the recent decade Globalisation has allowed Brazil’s economy to sustain stable economic growth, this was proven when Brazil experienced a very mild recession during the Global Financial Crisis of 2008Read MoreRoyal Philips Has A Long Standing And Rich History1597 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch Royal Philips. In the research we will find that Royal Philips has a long-standing and rich history. We will discuss the diverse products that Philips has invented over the last one-hundred and twenty-five years. Competitor information, industry and market segment will be topics that are addressed in detail. The organizations financials will be provided. A SWOT analysis will be conducted and the strengths and weaknesses of the c ompany will be presented. And finally, recommendations basedRead MoreUnited States Economy Is The Envy Of The World1132 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States Economy The United States is not only one of the largest economies in the world, but it is also one of the strongest economies compared to industrialized countries, and this has been proven in the last few years. Despite of what many people believe or see, U.S economy is booming and it will continue to boom during the year 2015. In the article â€Å"When the U.S Economy is the Envy of the World,† published by the MSNBC on December 8, 2014, its author Steve Benen argues about the U.S economic

Learning to Write Chinese Characters by Hand

Learning to write Chinese characters is one of the most difficult aspects of learning Mandarin Chinese. There are thousands of different characters, and the only way to learn them is by memorization and constant practice. In this digital age, it’s possible to use a computer to write Chinese characters, but learning how to write Chinese characters by hand is the best way to gain a thorough understanding of each character. Computer Input Anyone who knows Pinyin can use a computer to write Chinese characters. The problem with this is that pinyin spellings can represent many different characters. Unless you know exactly which character you need, you will likely make mistakes when using the computer to write Chinese characters. A good knowledge of Chinese characters is the only way to write Chinese correctly, and the best way to gain knowledge of Chinese characters is by learning to write them by hand. Radicals Chinese characters may seem incomprehensible to anyone who doesn’t know the language, but there is a method to constructing them. Each character is based on one of 214 radicals —  the basic elements of the Chinese writing system. Radicals form the building blocks of Chinese characters. Some radicals can be used as both building blocks and independent characters, but others are never used independently. Stroke Order All Chinese characters consist of strokes which should be written in a specific order. Learning the stroke order is an important part of learning to write Chinese characters. The number of strokes is used to classify Chinese characters in dictionaries, so an added benefit of learning strokes is being able to use Chinese dictionaries. The basic rules for stroke order are: left to right and top to bottomhorizontal before verticalhorizontal and vertical strokes which pass over other strokesdiagonals (right-to-left and then left-to-right)center verticals and then outside diagonalsoutside strokes before inside stokesleft verticals before enclosing strokesbottom enclosing strokesdots and minor strokes You can see an example of stroke order in the illustration at the top of this page. Learning Aids Workbooks designed for writing practice are widely available in Chinese-speaking countries, and you may be able to find them in cities with a large Chinese community. These workbooks usually illustrate a character with the proper stroke order and provide lined boxes for writing practice. They are intended for school children  but are useful for anyone learning to write Chinese characters. If you can’t find a practice book like this, you can download this Microsoft Word file and print it out. Books There a several books about writing Chinese characters. One of the better ones is Keys to Chinese Character Writing (English).

Improving Performance of the Work Team - 2053 Words

IMPROVING PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK TEAM 1.1 My company has defined expectations of Team Members which are given to each employee in the form of a job description backed up with a work contract signed by each employee when they join the company. These expectations include, a timekeeping policy which requires the individual to be at work at the stated shift start times and to contact the Team Leader within 30mins of that start time with any reasons why this can’t be achieved. This will allow the Team Leader time to call in help to keep production on target. Absenteeism and sickness are also closely monitored using a system called the Bradford Scale. This concentrates more on the number of occasions when an employee is off rather than the†¦show more content†¦If a team member is constantly late or sick this will also put the team under unplanned pressure to meet any set targets. A four man team with one man out sick is down 25% in man hours which usually means most targets will need to be adjusted or missed. This then has a knock on effect in the next department who will be only receiving 75% of the product that they were planning for, and that effect depending on the ability to catch up on lost hours may go all the way to a customer in the form of a late delivery of a promised order. This reflects badly on customer relations and could at worse mean lost or cancelled future orders. Also a team member who does not put enough effort into their work can cause ill feeling and conflict in the team possibly leading to arguments and low team moral. This will have a drastic effect on the capabilities of the team sometimes causing other team members to reduce their efforts also. Underperformance of team members is a serious issue in a target driven environment and needs to be taken seriously by team leaders. It may be the case that outside of work influences are causing a team member to under perform so a friendly chat and understanding approach may be all that’s needed to encourage the team member to improve. Team members who perform above expectations can also boost the performance of a team in a positive way. These team members can motivate others to increase there efforts also. This results inShow MoreRelatedManagement And Team Skills ( Ilm ) : Improving Performance Of The Work Team1584 Words   |  7 PagesLEVEL 2 CERTIFICATE IN LEADERSHIP AND TEAM SKILLS (ILM) IMPROVING PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK TEAM UNDERSTAND THE ORGANISATION’S REQUIREMENTS IN RELEATION TO TEAM PERFORMANCE 1. The organisation’s requirements of the team include following the many different company policies. Team member’s need to follow the company’s standards of procedure. For example everyone should set up a table in the restaurant in the same way as each other, in the way that we have been told to do so. They also need to followRead MoreRob Parson Case Study1733 Words   |  7 PagesManagement of People at Work Rob Parson Case Study 1 Case Overview The internal environment at Morgan Stanley was one of teamwork, employee development, dignity and respect. Morgan Stanley had developed a way of building consensus rather that individualism. Rob Parson was thrust into this environment – not sure of what was expected of him and with only one objective in mind – improving the performance of the Capital Markets division. He went about doing this ruthlessly without much care aboutRead MoreTeam Development Process And Steps1596 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Effective Team and Performance Management Table of Contents Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Task 1 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 4 Task 2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 5 Task 3 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 6 Task 4 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 8 Conclusions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Reference list †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Abstract The following pages focus on presenting the performance of teams and some ofRead MoreRob Parson Management Case Study Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pagesconsensus rather that individualism. Rob Parson was thrust into this environment – not sure of what was expected of him and with only one objective in mind – improving the performance of the Capital Markets division. He went about doing this ruthlessly without much care about the organization and its existing practices. While his performance was stellar, he developed a hostile environment around him. On joining there was a tacit agreement with him and his boss that he would be given the position ofRead MoreImproving Leadership Effectiveness And Characteristics Of An Empowered Workplace1393 Words   |  6 PagesImproving Leadership Effectiveness In this paper, the reader will learn about improving leadership effectiveness. Principles and characteristics of an empowered workplace, importance of communication, high performance in the workplace, team concepts and member roles, problem solving styles, and the stages in the life of a group will be discussed as well as applied to the case study The Chattanooga Ice Cream Division. The reader will learn about the point of the case study, and how it illustratesRead MorePhilips Improvement to Job Analysis and Design1531 Words   |  6 Pagesand design result in poor job performances of employees and organizational performances. This essay is based on Philips’ changes in its workplace design in a factory. In the past, the factor’s old operation line had generated poor employee and organizational performance such as low morale of employees, high rate of turnover, and poor quality control. While redesign its operation line, Philips has gained a high productive workforce , such as building self-management teams, enriching employee’s spiritRead MoreReflection on Leadership1795 Words   |  7 Pagesemotions, understand their perspectives and take dynamic interests in their concerns. My duties include maintaining connections among the top management and local work teams. Thorough open and honest communication, I am able to promote mutual trust between subordinates and supervisors. When working with my team, I always encourage the team to work towards the vision of the organization. Self-assessment To understand my leadership abilities better, I applied Hill’s and Lineback’s (2011) self-assessmentRead MoreManagement Department At Baylor Medical Center1506 Words   |  7 Pagessatisfaction. So the leaders and managers are setting up plans for the improvements to the customer service in the emergency room. Baylor customer services need to improve performance by using the patient satisfaction surveys to ensure the patient’s continuing interacting with the hospital. Baylor Medical Center managers will focus on improving quality services by using a different quality improvement plans and strategies. Management Department at Baylor Medical Center will select tools that help improvementsRead MoreSelf Improvement Within A Group1129 Words   |  5 Pagesbe accomplished by improving organization and time management skills; along with being well rounded in many facets. Understanding that enhancing a group’s performance can always be done will, only better th e outcome of their products. Self-improvement tools are helpful and often only save time in the long run. It is often overlooked because it is time consuming and seems extraneous. To run a business sometimes takes meticulous skills, therefore making it important to always work to improve the talentsRead MoreImproving the Performance of Quality Improvement Teams Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesImproving the Performance of Quality Improvement Teams Introduction Within every company there is a customer, regardless of what your line of business is it is being done for the consumer albeit an external consumer or the internal consumer. The customer’s needs and expectations should be the driving force behind the decisions we make and the problems we solve†¦the customer, not our own personal or monetary gain. As quality improves we have to make sure that we are improving what matters to our

Effectiveness of Nonpharmacological Interventions for the Management

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness of Nonpharmacological Interventions for the Management? Answer: Identification of the themes In a research carried out by KayeErvin and colleagues carried out a broad research on the barriers which are important to manage the psychological and behavioral symptoms regarding dementia. This particular study was carried out from the perception of the staffs of the medical facilities. In a study related to such behavior and prospective of the relatives and staffs, carried out by Duxbury and his colleagues regarding the relatives and staffs perspective regarding the aggression during the period of dementia at care units are needed to be seriously researched In a study by Liat Ayalan and colleagues have suggested that the general pharmacological interventions for the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms and for the treatment sometimes increase the risk of death of the patients They also suggested that these drugs are comparatively more risky for the treatment of older adults. In their study, they reviewed psyc-INFO, relevant published bibliographies, Cochrane library and MEDLINE along with the guidelines of American Psychological Association. In a research article by Ann Kolanowski and colleagues, the main purpose of the research was to provide the people with a strong evidence base that it will indicate that the cultural change in the medical facilities and nursing homes can provide an impact in case treatment of dementia. Like other researchers, they also conducted the study through the implementation of a focus group study In a study carried out by Jiska and colleagues, a broader comparison was made between the physicians, nurse practitioners and psychologists. This study can be considered to be one of the most important one as it differentiates the role of different medical intervention providers. The main aspect of the study is the different background and training of the personnel who treat the behavioral issues or problems in residents. In a study carried out by Farooq Khan and Martin Curtice rgarding the same topic suggested that the self reported knowledge regarding the common mental health problems and the dementia has increased in facilities such as care home staff at the very end of this particular project by a margin of seven percent and eleven percent respectively. A study regarding this topic was carried out by Audyery Deudon and colleagues. The article was mainly focused on the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia also known as BPSD and the effectiveness of the staff education intervention in order to manage BPSD in the older people who are suffering from dementia. A study carried out by Jiska and Barbara regarding the knowledge of the nursing home physician and their attitudes help to collect more knowledge regarding this particular aspect. They suggested that the frequency at which the behavioral problems regarding dementia were attributed to the psychological and environmental causes only suggest that there are a large number of cases where non pharmacological interventions could be and should be implemented. In another article by Kristie and her colleagues, factors regarding which the success of the management program can be promoted is broadly discussed.; the authors suggested that use of multiple non pharmacological interventions are often associated with the likelihood of the success of the management program. In an article by Hazelhof and colleague, the author suggested that educating the nursing staffs effectively play a vital role. In some cases it is observed that the right intervention or techniques is often not used at the right time. In an article by Ervin and his colleagues, it is observed that in many facilities, the staffs taking care of the patients possess a sound knowledge of the possible underlying causes regarding the BPSD. But in many cases it is also observed that the poor ability to understand the effective methods for the management and the resources available to them. Critical analysis of themes In order to complete any sort of literature review, it is very important to critically analyze the entire selected article and their themes for the better understanding of the subject and matter as well. From all the articles mentioned earlier, it can be stated that the important themes which are highlighted are the residential facilities for the aged persons are nowadays increased the usage of pharmacological interventions to manage the BPSD events such as antipsychotics. Though there is a very little amount of scientific proof that these pharmacological are effective, irrespective of these fact, the facilities are using such interventions. Another aspect on which the author emphasized is that the different non pharmacological approaches for the management of these behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia which is also known as BPSD. From this particular study it can be noted that there are several residential aged care facilities which do not favor such non pharmacological interventions irrespective of their effectiveness. Through the different case studies regarding dementia, one phenomenon which should be highlighted and kept in mind is the aggressive nature and behavior of the older people at the time of suffering from dementia. In terms of this particular aspect there is the phenomenon or incidents where the behavior of the staffs and relative with respect to these situations also changes. In a study related to such behavior and prospective of the relatives and staffs, carried out by Duxbury and his colleagues regarding the relatives and staffs perspective regarding the aggression during the period of dementia at care units are needed to be seriously researched. In these studies, they have interviewed various nursing staffs and relatives of the patients in the different care homes of the United Kingdom. Through the usage of a combine approach of one to one interview procedure, and different focus groups, the authors explored the views of the each individual. Implementing a thematic analysis they found that the views of both the staffs and the relatives can be categorized in two different categories. As a result they figured out that non pharmacological interventions such as can reduce the behavioral problems significantly in comparison with the pharmacological intervention. They also concluded that, the cumulative research till date regarding the effects of non pharmacological intervention for purpose of treating neuropsychiatric symptoms or NPS among the patients suffering from dementia indicated that intervention which addresses behavioral issues along with unmet needs, bright light therapy can be more effective than the conventional pharmacological methods. They also concluded that, in order to be sure regarding such proposals, a further broad amount of study is needed on this particular topic (Ayalon et al. 2006). That changing landscape, behaviors of the residents, reaching out to the patient of dementia along with dif ferent educational aspects for the proper training of the nursing home staffs are also needed and may play a vital role. They concluded that the successful usage of non pharmacological intervention requires the right amount of skilled and trained staffs to yield the best positive outcome from the intervention. If the staffs are not well enough trained and the vulnerability of the framework of the entire intervention model will be exploited and this entire situation will do no good for the patient. One which should be also kept in mind with respect to this particular context is the, the effect change in the facilities like nursing home, implementation of staff patterns which can allow the staffs to make a difference with the help of BPSD and development of an effective educational program can play an important role (Kolanowski et al. 2010). The amount of reported confidence in the management of the behavioral problems has increased about nine percent among the care home staffs at the end of their final project. They carried out regular monitoring during the time of project regarding the psychotropic medications as well. The article also provided some vital guidelines regarding the non pharmacological interventions for the management of BPSD. It also included different relaxation techniques, needs led therapy, reminiscence work, reality orientation programs, music therapy, distraction techniques etc (Khan and Curtice 2011). at the end of it, physical restraints should be categorized as the last resort. In many cases, the patients are often restrained for the completion of the intervention. They suggested that it is not a good practice and in most of the cases such actions should be avoided. They also suggested that large physical aggression in both men and women are often suspected to be psychiatric comorbidity which are often difficult to manage. In such cases family involvement and their support play an important role and in certain cases they should be used a s well for the betterment of the patient (Hazelhof et al. 2014). As a result the outcome of the intervention is not as desired and the situation of the patient also does not get better. For overcoming such phenomenon, the authors of this particular article suggested that proper training and education to the nurses is the most vital aspect in case treating the patients of dementia with no pharmacological intervention (Ervin et al. 2012). Discussion and knowledge/research gap identified From all the above mentioned articles and their research themes, it can be stated that all of them emphasized on the fact that there is a huge need of non pharmacological interventions for the treatment purposes of BPSD. Along with all these aspects, another thing which is highlighted is that there is also a lack of knowledge among the medical staffs and care providers regarding the non pharmacological interventions. Another aspect which is also mentioned with respect to the current scenario is that there is lack of execution capability among the staffs as well. Adding to this it can be also stated that there are some evidenced found from the research articles that non pharmacological interventions are actually more effective than conventional pharmacological intervention. It is also observed that the conventional pharmacological drugs which are used to treat in the normal BPSD patient treatment possess a great amount of threat regarding the side effects. Along with all of these posi tive aspects, there are some negative aspects of all the articles mentioned above. Another thing which is needed to be addressed is that from this article it can be said that the management of the interventions are important so as the role and mindset of the nurses and family relatives as well. All of these articles have suggested that the non pharmacological interventions are more helpful and applicable in case of treating the patients suffering from BPSD. But they have not been able to suggest proper guidelines and structure to apply non pharmacological methods and monitoring procedures as well. Along with this another thing which should be mentioned is that they did not provide any evaluation processes as well. As a result, the only outcomes of the above mentioned articles can be pointed out as, Non pharmacological interventions should be applied in case of treating patients suffering from BPSD Most of the drugs which are used to treat people suffering from BPSD are causing severe side effects Most of the medical staffs and care givers such as nurses either have lack of knowledge or lack of execution power in order to apply non pharmacological procedures The articles hav not provided any such guidelines or protocols which are needed to be followed for implementing non pharmacological interventions Articles are unable to suggest any new and effective non pharmacological interventions. Conclusion In recent times, dementia has been considered to be one of the major diseases which cause memory loss and hamper the daily life of an individual. In order to overcome this situation the main aspect is needed to be identification of the behavioral changes and different physiological symptoms regarding dementia. Another aspect which is needed to be considered is that the relatives of patient should play an important and supportive role to the patient as the disease can demoralize the patient. As a result the support coming from the medical staffs also play an important in order to provide hope to the patient. There are several forms of intervention for the purpose o remedy of dementia. These forms can be categorized into pharmacological intervention and non pharmacological intervention. In recent times, maximum medical experts are emphasizing on the use of non pharmacological intervention in comparison with the pharmacological intervention. The main reason behind such choice is that it is both effective and does not cause any side effects to the patient. One of the major reasons for fascinating this method of medical intervention is that it emphasizes on the cognitive behavioral method. This is considered to be one of the most effective non pharmacological interventions for the treatment of the patients suffering from dementia. The purpose of this literature review is to highlight the aspects of above mentioned factors with respect to the findings of different scientists into their journals or research articles (Ervin et al. 2014). From all these aspects and information, it can be said that the training and the education of the staffs that are associated in the nursing homes and other care facility for the purpose of providing care to the patients who are old and suffering from dementia is needed. Another aspect which is highlighted through all these studies is that the family and relatives of the patients should also be supportive to the non pharmacological inte rvention. Non pharmacological interventions are still now considered to be effective than the pharmacological intervention and has a broader aspect in the treatment process as well. References Ayalon, L., Gum, A.M., Feliciano, L. and Aren, P.A., 2006. Effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions for the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia: a systematic review.Archives of internal medicine,166(20), pp.2182-2188. Cohen-Mansfield, J. and Jensen, B., 2008. Nursing home physicians' knowledge of and attitudes toward nonpharmacological interventions for treatment of behavioral disturbances associated with dementia.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association,9(7), pp.491-498. Cohen-Mansfield, J., Jensen, B., Resnick, B. and Norris, M., 2012. Knowledge of and attitudes toward nonpharmacological interventions for treatment of behavior symptoms associated with dementia: a comparison of physicians, psychologists, and nurse practitioners.The Gerontologist,52(1), pp.34-45. Deudon, A., Maubourguet, N., Gervais, X., Leone, E., Brocker, P., Carcaillon, L., Riff, S., Lavallart, B. and Robert, P.H., 2009. Non pharmacological management of behavioural symptoms in nursing homes.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,24(12), pp.1386-1395. Deudon, A., Maubourguet, N., Gervais, X., Leone, E., Brocker, P., Carcaillon, L., Riff, S., Lavallart, B. and Robert, P.H., 2009. Non pharmacological management of behavioural symptoms in nursing homes.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,24(12), pp.1386-1395. Duxbury, J., Pulsford, D., Hadi, M. and Sykes, S., 2013. Staff and relatives' perspectives on the aggressive behaviour of older people with dementia in residential care: a qualitative study.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,20(9), pp.792-800. Ervin, K., Cross, M. and Koschel, A., 2014. Barriers to managing behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: Staff perceptions.Collegian,21(3), pp.201-207. Ervin, K., Finlayson, S. and Cross, M., 2012. The management of behavioural problems associated with dementia in rural aged care.Collegian,19(2), pp.85-95. Foley, K.L., Sudha, S., Sloane, P.D. and Gold, D.T., 2003. Staff perceptions of successful management of severe behavioral problems in dementia special care units.Dementia,2(1), pp.105-124. Hazelhof, T.J., Gerritsen, D.L., Schoonhoven, L. and Koopmans, R.T., 2014. The educating nursing staff effectively (TENSE) study: design of a cluster randomized controlled trial.BMC nursing,13(1), p.1. Khan, F. and Curtice, M., 2011. Non-pharmacological management of behavioural symptoms of dementia.British journal of community nursing,16(9). Kolanowski, A., Fick, D., Frazer, C. and Penrod, J., 2010. It's about time: use of nonpharmacological interventions in the nursing home.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,42(2), pp.214-222.

Neural Stem Cells, Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy and Restriction Enzymes

Neural Stem Cells The nervous system is comprised of specialized type of cells called Neural Stem Cells (NSCs). These cells undergo differentiation and proliferation resulting to a mass of undifferentiated cells. This progeny then undergoes differentiation into the many cells of the nervous system. From neural stem cells, cell of central nervous system such as astrocytes, neurons, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes are formed.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Neural Stem Cells, Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy and Restriction Enzymes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Developmental versatility of plasticity of neural stem cells is important in formation of these different neural cells. A NSC can either be embryonic stem cell of adult stem cell. Embryonic stem cells are fully versatile and can form any cell type. On the other hand, adult stem cells have no versatility to form any cell type but replace multipotent cells when they wear out or die. In this regard, embryonic stem cells can either be totipotent, pluripotent or multipotent. Totipotent stem cells are the most potent cells and can therefore give rise to any type of body cell. Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to body tissues but lack full potency to give rise to any cell type. Multipotent stem cells are the least plastic cells and can only form certain cell types. Neural cell division (neurogenesis) is an important process in brain development but it needs to be regulated during adulthood development. The best understood neural cell differentiation pathways are sparked by growth factors. Certain set of growth factors are optimal for development of certain stages of neural stem cells. For instance, fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are selective for development of early neural stem cells. This means that in absence of FGF, there occurs a significant reduction in the number stem cell divisions. For the purposes of studies, multipote nt stem cells can be isolated from brain tissue or embryonic stem cells. This can be achieved through co-culture of embryonic stem cells in stroma or conditioned medium. These cells can then be preserved for use in studies together with other cell type-models. These cells and models have enhanced the understanding of the processes involved during brain development. Stem cell isolation from embryonic cells in central nervous system and in periphery nervous system is achieved through direct means. A neural puncture is usually made and the cells cultured in medium. Apart from stem cell isolation from brain, other regions (hippocampus and ventricular zone) can be used during isolation of adult stem cell. Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy Gene therapy refers to a medical application of genetics where genetic transformations are utilized in therapeutic functions. This field has objectively transformed medical fields especially in treatment of chronic disease which are hard to cure by use of c hemotherapy e.g. cancer.Advertising Looking for assessment on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This exercise requires transfer of target genes into target cells of the patient. In so doing, a transfer agent called a vector is important. Viruses have lately been found useful as vectors. A good example of a virus that has been used in gene therapy is Adenovirus. It has been found out that this genus of viruses have a good profile to transfer target genes to target cell. They have been used substantially in cancer gene therapy and in biomedicine. Replication-defective adenovirus has extensively been used as a vector to transfer transgenes to targeted cancerous cells and tumors. On the other hand, oncolytic adenoviruses which have capacity to replicate have been used to kill or transfer therapeutic genes to infected target cells. Viral vectors have been developed through altering the viral genome making its expression impo ssible. For instance alteration of E1A gene of Adenovirus genome led to a replication-defective strain. E1A gene is important in ensuring that viral genome is expressed and therefore it can induce its multiplication of host cell. Replication-competent adenoviruses are made by integrating a therapeutic gene in their genome. Restriction Enzymes Restriction enzymes are an important part in many genetic applications. They enable genome excision by recognizing specific recognition sites along a genetic strand. Excision is important as it allows formation of recombinant genetic strands. A major source of restriction enzymes is bacteria. Bearing in mind that bacterial genetic material has similar properties to any other genetic material; one may wonder why their DNA remains intact in presence of restriction enzymes. This is possible because restriction enzymes have a way of differentiating between self DNA and non-self DNA. This is possible because Bacterial DNA has other groups attached t o their nucleotide sequences. These may be methyl group and/or carbohydrates. Restriction enzymes were discovered way back in 1952. Their mode of functioning was however not well known until 1960 when Wemer Arber presented his findings with the help of Dussoix at the First International Biophysics Congress. Their research was accompanied by two theories that there was an enzyme in host bacterial cell that cuts its DNA at specific sequences and that host DNA was unaffected due to the presence of methylase. The research earned them the Plantamour-Prevost prize. Restriction enzyme was first isolated in Escherichia coli by Meselson and Yuan. The enzyme was essentially seen to offer protection of the DNA from the viral DNA which would infect the cells.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Neural Stem Cells, Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy and Restriction Enzymes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This assessment on Neural Stem Cells, Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy and Restriction Enzymes was written and submitted by user Chaim Foreman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.