Domestic Issues Faced By The United States Of America Essay

Human Rights – human rights in the United States has been criticized for their practices and policies. The record shows that human rights in the United States are complicated and controversial issue. Racial discrimination – Whether they are African American or Native American they are all human beings. Policy advice – blacks should be treated equally and can have the same opportunities and protection from the government just like the whites get. Segregation of white and black is a good consideration too. Inhumane Treatment Death Penalty – human rights is the maximum and irreversible denial under the death penalty. It is controversial for its capital punishment. It is inhumane, cruel and unusual violation. Policy advice is to prohibit execution. Prison System – imprisonment of children and teenagers. A lot of mistreatment, rape, sexual abuse etc. Those behaviors are unlawful. Policy advice – give medical care, stop prisoner rape, add more security and abolish death sentence. GLOBAL ISSUES FACED BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Global Warming – ‘the earth’s temperature is rising’. Policy advice – we have to have a major sacrifices to solve the problem. Global Health Issues – ‘every year millions of people die needlessly because of poverty’. Policy advice – privatization of health system. World Hunger and Poverty Land Rights – ‘owning of land’. Policy advice – build a program to provide land ownership for the poor. Rainforest Destruction – one effect of the banana industry is ‘rainforest destruction and dependent economies. Policy advice – prioritize the local market before exporting. To conclude, it is important to know our rights in the society because each one of us is entitled to have our own niche in this country and even in this world. R E F E R E N C E S Free, Marvin D. Jr. (November 1997). â€Å"The Impact of Federal Sentencing Reforms on African Americans† 28 (2): pp. 268-286. Retrieved on 2007-05-31. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States#cite_note-1 Anup Shah, Food and Agriculture Issues, GlobalIssues. org, Created: Monday, December 03, 2007 http://www. globalissues. org/food/

Datril Case Essay

My recommendation to Marvin Koslow is to follow the first approach of pricing Datril at par with Tylenol ($2.85 retail price, $1.69 trade cost), leveraging Bristol-Myers’ brand name, and positioning Datril as an analgesic with similar relief effects to the those of the already successful, aspirin-based Bufferin and Excedin, but more gentle on the stomach, and without the side effects of aspirin. By doing so, Datril will primarily target aspirin users, specifically those from Bufferin’s and Excedin’s current consumer base, who suffer from upset stomach. I explain my rationale below. According to the case, when Datril was introduced to test markets per the strategy I recommended, it failed to achieve the projected sales figures within the first month. Although I have no access to those sales projections, I could argue that the may have been overoptimistic. The reason is that Tylenol was well established (8% market share) in the analgesic market which has traditiona lly been dominated by aspirin-based products. Therefore, directly competing against Tylenol at the same price is unlikely to result in quick market share and monetary gains within a month. Koslow should have allowed more time, say a medium run of 6 months to match duration of the marketing expenses to be committed, before thinking about switching to the other strategy. In addition, it can also be argued that the early success of Datril in the test market with the lower selling price may not be representative of its true performance over the medium to long run. Before defending my recommendation in detail, I would like to highlight the most prominent risk of introducing Datril as a cheaper alternative to Tylenol: not accounting for the competitor’s repositioning or defensive marketing strategies. Those could include the following: o One of the quickest responses that McNeil Labs could come up with is to reduce the price to trade, and subsequently the selling price, of Tylenol to match that of Datril. Doing so could result is public accusations of false advertising, thereby reversing the quick gains that Datril could make, and potentially wasting the $6 million on inaccurate communication of information to the public, which could potentially result in insulted, angry and dissatisfied customers due the feeling that they have been deceived. Bristol-Myers will have to incur the cost of pulling all current advertisements, and an additional cost of having to launch another advertising campaign. o McNeil could also respond by changing its currently conservative advertising approach (i.e. focusing on physicians and trade) by aggressively advertising Tylenol to the public, exploiting the fact that its current advertising expenditure is less than $2 million a year and possibly even utilizing the power and expertise of the mother company, Johnson & Johnson. This could potentially solidify the sales and market share of Tylenol, making it an even tougher competition to Datril. Given Tylenol’s market share, the speed of executing either one of the above strategies, or both together, could heavily minimize Datril’s penetration of the market. Furthermore, per Exhibit A, Datril will need to sell 13.3 million bottles (at a trade cost of $1.05) or 60 million (at a trade cost of 70 cents) just to break-even. This is highly inefficient, in terms of both numbers contribution margin, compared to Tylenol. Moreover, given the actual quantities of Tylenol sold in 1974 (around 19.1 million bottles per Exhibit B), Datril’s achievement of break-even quantities seems even more doubtful, given the risks highlighted above. Quality cannot be a differentiation because both products are virtually identical as pain relievers; therefore the best strategy is to combine the well-established reputation of Bristol-Myers, the well-known effectiveness of Bufferin and Excedin, with the value or differentiation being the gentleness of the product on upset stomach. Furthermore, Bristol-Myers possesses a large consumer base for its aspirin-based products, a base that is larger than that of McNeil Labs’ Tylenol users. This is Bristol-Myers’ main competitive advantage; its own consumers who may suffer from the typical side effects of aspirin. Targeting those specific customers and communicating to them the value of eliminated side effects should be Datril’s positioning and differentiating strategy. Cannibalization from Bufferin and Excedin, should it happen, should not necessarily be viewed negatively, since my recommended selling price of $2.85 is double that of these aspirin products. Exhibit A – Break-Even Analysis for Tylenol and the different pricing scenarios for Datril (per bottle of 100 pills) Breakeven Analysis for Product Tylenol Approach 1 – Same price as Tylenol Approach 2a – Cheaper than Tylenol Approach 2b – Cheaper w/lowered trade cost $ $ $ $ Unit Cost (Variable Cost) 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 Trade Cost (Selling Price to Retailers) $ 1.69 $ 1.69 $ 1.05 $ 0.70 Fixed Cost (Advertising) 2,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 Break-Even Quantity [Fixed Cost/(Trade Cost-Unit Cost)] 1,834,862 5,504,587 13,333,333 60,000,000 Contribution Margin (Unit) 64% 64% 43% 14%

Principles of Marketing: New Product Development

UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB GUJRANWALA CAMPUS â€Å"Principles of Marketing† â€Å"MARKETING PROJECT† â€Å"New Product Development† Submitted to: â€Å"Prof. Hafiz Ihsan-ur-Rehman† Submitted By: Usman Khalid Mc09023 Umar Farooq Mc09002 Faraz Raza Mc09040 M. Usman Mc09026 Jahangir Badar Mc09061 Ahmad Khayyam Mc09035 PROJECT CONTENTS 1. Segmentation & Target Marketing (Characteristics: How Product fit with T. M. ) 2. Product Ideas ,Screening, Concept Development & Testing. 3. Demand Estimation 4. Marketing Mix 1) Product 2) Price 3) Placement ) Promotion (Print, Radio & T V ads. ) 5) 5. Cost Estimation Variable costFixed cost P. U. P. U. 6. Plant Cost Segmentation & Target Marketing Segmentation: â€Å"Dividing a market into smaller groups with distinct needs characteristics or behaviors who might require separate product or marketing mix† Geographic Segmentation: We considered the Punjab as a whole market for our Product and divide the Punjab on the basis of cities e. g. Gujranwala, Lahore, Gujrat. We divide the GRW market on zone basis i. e. Satellite town, Model town, Urdu bazaar, People colony etc. Demographic Segmentation: (on the family size basis) Now we divide the selected urdu Bazar market on the basis of family size. A family whose has ten members need a wiper after six months or replacement of rubber is necessary after three or four months. Target Market: Our product is consumer product and basically for household. Our Targeted Market is Urdu Bazar in which we supply the wip wiper on different shops for sale. Our Targeted Customers are families in which there are five or more family members. Targeted market How wip wiper fit with the Target Market? Our Product Wip wiper is fit with the Targeted market of urdu Bazar because it is a household item and is purchased by the family people. And in Urdu Bazar of Gujranwala people come for purchase of different household items and our product wip wiper has additional quality of water supply so our Stall of product will attract the people and people will buy it due to its additional features. And there are also potential buyers of wiper that purchased the wiper after six months we can also convert these buyer on our product. Our product is consumer product. It is the need of every house and we are providing additional facility in this product i. e. water supply. In the selected targeted market, there will be many customers of product â€Å"WIP WIPPER† So its better market for our product New Product Development â€Å"New Product Development process consist of ideas generation, ideas screening, concept development and testing, business analysis, test market, commercialization and launching the new product in the targeted market. We discuss the four these things relating to our Product of wipe wiper. Now the detailed information of these is under: IDEAS GENERATION Following are the New Product ideas are generated by our Group members. Which are as follows: 1) Create such type of machine, that convert any blood group into required blood group. Just like we want â€Å"O Negative† and we have â€Å"A Positive† then machine will help us to convert our available blood group of â€Å"A Positive† into required â€Å"O Negative† blood group. 2) NOKIA mobile company should create that type of mobile in which translator facility is included. This Mobile Phone will give advantage to the people who are not able to speak different type of languages. ) There should be a wiper with additional qualities of water supply, detergent supply and cleaning the dust smoothly. Due to this product the work of women will be less and they have only to manage the wiper with water supply. 4) PlayStation gaming company should to create that type of glasses in which there is facility of watching television and playing different ty pe of games. This type of glasses will provide advantage to the people to watch different types of movies, program and play different type of exciting games during traveling. ) PHILIPS Company should develop remote control system for switching off the TUBE LIGHT when required without movement of the person. 6) Replacement of petrol tank into CNG tank in order to use the CNG instead of petrol in Motorcycles. It will be beneficial to save the petrol and to control the pollution in the environment because CNG is less costly as compared to petrol. 7) GFC fan company should develop that type of ceiling fans that are running with the help of SOLAR system without using electricity. And that fan should use separately its own SOLAR system. ) DOLCE and GABBANA wrist watch company should create that type of wrist watches in which Willkie Talkie facility is included. That gives advantage to the people for communicating with each others within a specific distance. 9) PEPSI company should make Ic e Cream products just like FEAST, CORNATO and OTHER similar Ice Creams that gives advantage to the PEPSI company for creating more market share. 10) HONDA motors should make that type of brake system in cars that immediately stop the cars from accidental events. Before any type of accident. 1) There should be a chip which are fix in front of the vehicles and by which the people can pay the TOOL TAX by prepaid accounts. That system will solve the traffic problems. 12) Use of internal device (Bluetooth) in CPU for data sharing IDEA SCREENING â€Å"Idea Screening means screening new-product ideas in order to spot good ideas and drop poor ones as soon as possible†. Next step of new product development process is idea screening in which most suitable ideas with possibilities to develop the new product are selected. Following are the three ideas which are selected by us for new product development. After further verification and availability of resources we will select one of them for actual product development. 1) PHILIPS Company should develop remote control system for switching off the TUBE LIGHT when required without movement of the person. 2) There should be a wiper with additional qualities of water supply, detergent supply and cleaning the dust smoothly. Due to this product the work of women will be less and they have only to manage the wiper with water supply. 3) Use of internal device (Bluetooth) in CPU for data sharing Selected Idea for Project After screening ideas, we are going to develop a wiper with additional qualities of water supply, detergent supply and cleaning the dust smoothly. Due to this product the work of women will be less and they have only to manage the wiper with water supply. As this product will provide the much benefits to the people and there is need for such type of product in the society that will facilitate the women in their working, so there will be many customers for this product. So, our selected idea is the development of the wiper with water supply. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT & TESTING The idea of wipe wiper with additional quality of water supply and supply of detergent for washing and cleaning rooms So, There is no need to separately handle the water pipe and other equipment for washing the rooms and places of houses and offices. This is the concept of the product that might facilitate the cleaning of offices and houses. By observation of time, Group thinking is to develop this idea into actual product. We have discussed the idea of wipe wiper with many people and we have listen favorable words for our product and the potential buyers are agree to buy the new product, if we offer for sale. After satisfying the test market we are in a position to develop the â€Å"WIP WIPPER† Demand Estimation In Gujranwala, there are 2200000 people and when we divide the Gujranwala population on 10 (Average family members in a family) i. e. 2200000/10 =220000 We received 220000 families and there is a need of a wiper after six month or there is need for replacement of rubber. So, we conclude according to above estimation that the demand for our product in Gujranwala will be 220000 or more or less wiper at the start of the business and there will be a decrease in the demand after one month. e considered that our demand will be 220000/6=36666 For expansion of business, we have to go in other cities and for proper running of business, this demand is not sufficient. This Business has attractiveness due to its expanding market. Marketing Mix â€Å"The set of all controllable tactical marketing tools i. e Product, Price, Place and Promotion that the firm blends to produce the respons e it wants in the target market. † Following are the elements of Marketing Mix: PRODUCT Any thing that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a want or need. LEVELS OF PRODUCT Before actual Product, we have to think on the three levels of the product. The more basic level of the product is the core benefit of the product. The second level of the product is actual product level and the last level of the product is to define the product at the augmented level of the product. Now we examine these levels relating to â€Å"WIPE WIPER†. 1:-CORE BENEFIT â€Å"Cleaning in minimum time. † 2:-ACTUAL PRODUCT: Now we turn the core benefit of cleaning in minimum time into actual product and define the product at this level. 1. NAME OF PRODUCT: Wipe wiper 2. FEATURES: Additional water supply of detergent, minimum time consumption, independently replaceable rubber. 3. DESIGN: Rubber of wiper will be in different colors, flexible handle pipe attachment. 4. QUALITY LEVEL: Use of high quality rubber and drying with in minimum time. 5. PACKAGING: It will be in simple packing. 6. BRAND NAME: â€Å"WIPE WIPER† 3:-AUGMENTED LEVEL 1. Facility for replacement of rubber. 2. Warranty within 2 months Product Inputs Following are the main elements which are used to produced the â€Å"WIPE WIPER†. These are 1. WIPER Rubber 2. Steel Sheet 3. Pipe of 4 Feet 4. Ball Wall 5. Spray Paint 6. Rubber Nails . 1 Piece of Nozzle PROCESS OF PRODUCTION Bend steel sheet to capture wiper rubber and then drill the sheet to capture rubber after that prepare wiper pipe and place ball wall and nozzle on it and made supply of water into wiper rubber then fitting and last step is colouring. PACKAGING: It will be in simple packing. LABELING There will only the name of t he brand of the wip wiper in the labeling at the front of the product . PRICING FOR THE NEW PRODUCT â€Å" The amount of money that a consumer has to pay to obtain the product. † Two strategies are used for setting prices for the New product. ? PRICE PENETRATION PRICE SKIMMING Price Penetration: Setting a low price for a new product in order to attract a large number of buyers and a large market share. Price Skimming: Setting a high price for a new product to skim maximum revenues layer by layer from the segments willing to pay the high price; the company makes fewer but more profitable sales. Pricing Strategy for our Product We select penetration pricing because there are enough competition in market. Our product is convenient product. It has certain features which are not available in the market such as water supply, detergent supply etc PLACEMENT OF THE â€Å"WIP WIPPER† We will use indirect marketing channel in the Gujranwala in which product is supplied to the retailer and then to the final user because the targeted market is short and within the city and easily manageable. But when we decide to launch the product outside the city means in an other city Lahore then we use indirect marketing channel (that will be vertical marketing channel) in which we will provide the product to the Distributor and then retailer and finally to the end user LOCAL MARKET OUTSIDE CITY MARKET Cost Estimation We are going to produced 1000 units of wipe wiper. Fixed cost estimation for this purpose is as follow: FIXED COST Plant cost 200000 Estimated life of plant is 10 year so 200000/10=20000 And 20000/12=1667 And1667/1000 so 1. 67 per unit Land cost 10000 per month so 10000/1000=10 so 10 is the per unit land cost. Advertisement Cost25*1000=25000 TOTAL COST |Variable Cost per Unit |= |323 | |Fixed Cost per Unit |= |11. 67 | | |= |334. 7 | |Advertising cost |= |25 | |Total Cost |= |359. 67 | Product PriceRs. 425 TOTAL VARIABLE COST For this the estimated variable product cost is under: |Items |Items name |Cost of input |Total cost | |No. |Per unit | | |1. |WIPER Rubber |50 |50*1000=50000 | |2. |Steel Sheet |30 |30*1000=30000 | | |6/8INCH of pipe 4 Feet |60 |60*1000=60000 | |3. | | | |4. |Ball Wall |100 |100*1000=100000 | |5. |Rubber Nails |5 |5*1000=5000 | |6. |Nozzle |10 |10*1000=10000 | |7. |colour |20 |20*1000=20000 | |8 |Wielding exp. 30 |30*1000=30000 | |9. |Labor cost |10 |10*1000=10000 | |10. |Electricity |3 |3*1000=3000 | |11. | gass |5 |5*1000=5000 | | |Total Cost |323 |323000 | Requirement for human force Labor: 4 skilled people are required for operating Plant and for distribution and sale, we are available. Requirement of Running Capital For proper running of Business there is approximately 500000 rupees are required. ———————– Gujranwala Satellite town Model town Urdu Bazar People colony Satellite town Model town Urdu Bazar People colony MANUFACTURER MANUFACTURER RETAILER Distributer CUSTOMER RETAILER CUSTOMER

Hitchcock Heroes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hitchcock Heroes - Essay Example He goes ahead to suggest to Guy that they should commit murder to eliminate the ones vexing the others life. He then is seen explaining how difficult it will be for them to be traced since they would be total strangers, therefore, will be no implication of motive(Yanal, 228). A guy does not agree to any of these and calls Bruno crazy but he continues to stalk Guy insisting that Guy had agreed to that plan and that he could not bail out. He calls Guy one day and gives him the address to his house, the room of where he will find his father and how to commit the murder. Guy takes down the details and it seems like he has agreed to the plan. He goes to Bruno’s houseâ€Å" Mr. Anthony! Mr. Antony! Don't be alarmed -- but I must talk to you about your son, about Bruno. Mr. Antony!†. This shows that he is human. He informs Guy that this was all a set up because he sensed that he had a change of heart and that he was still going ahead with the plans of killing Miriam so that Gu y could settle his end of the bargain. Bruno kills Miriam and he now pesters Guy to meet his end of the bargain.In the movie, we can deduce that Guy is our true hero in the film as we can see him further going to the murder scene to confront Bruno and as they struggle on the merry go round. It gets out of control and the merry go round accelerates itself. He is concerned about the small child who is scared of what happening and he dives with the child as the machine falls apart while crushing Bruno. This shows us that he is caring. The police arrive and Bruno is found with the lighter and it frees Guy. In ‘Shadows of a Doubt’ Charlotte Newton is the hero. She is seen to be unhappy with her life and is whining about her father’slife and throughout the film he is always seen to be discussing about murderswith his friend. She is also unhappy because she feels that her mother is overworked. She is seeking for that person who would bring them happiness and thinks of her uncle Charlie. She is caring and seeks to see her family happy. Uncle Charlie coincidentally is also thinking of visiting Santa Rose. Charlotte is very happy when she hearsthis news. She goes to the extent of giving Uncle Charlie her bedroom so that he would be comfortable. Trouble starts when UncleCharlie gives everyone a present in the Dining room except Charlotte, he follows her to the kitchen and

The Kings Rhetorical Prowess Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Kings Rhetorical Prowess - Essay Example In accordance with the issues discussed in the paper although both Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X were eager to fight for the rights and freedom of African Americans, it was only the former who believed that this dream could be achieved through nonviolent means or by not troubling, disrupting, or angering the White people. Apparently, both speeches were powerful and persuasive. However, King’s speech was more persuasive because of the manner he presented his arguments; his was more charismatic than the speech of Malcolm X. King was diplomatic, whereas Malcolm X was exceptionally radical. King called for unity between the Black and White people, whereas Malcolm X strongly advocated complete independence from White supremacy, and a land for African Americans. King’s diplomatic tone is more suitable to the political and social environment of the 1960’s, which is a period marred by bitter racial conflicts. The 1960’s is the ultimate spin-off of the clas h between the Emancipation Proclamation and Jim Crow laws. However, despite the oppression and maltreatment experienced by the Black people in America, they chose to continue their struggle for freedom and dignity in a peaceful, compromising way. They detested bloodshed. In the tumultuous period of the 1960’s, civil rights advocates chose to exercise nonviolent means, such as lobbying, civil disobedience, rallies, and so on, to bring about their desired reforms. Opportunely, the federal government responded to these pressures by ratifying several major reforms such as the 1968 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act. This event alone attested to the fact that the fight for the freedom and rights of the Black people can be won through diplomacy; no bloodshed, no revolution, is needed. The strength of King’s speech rests in his stylistic techniques and rhetorical devices. In his speech, he effectively used metaphors, personifications, and euphemism. He used metap hors to highlight the African Americans’ historical plight and struggles, and the possibility of uniting two very different races. Some of the stirring metaphors he used were as follows: â€Å"This is not time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism† (King para 8); â€Å"Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice† (King para 10); â€Å"With this faith we [Black and White people] will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood†

Discuss.. The image of managers as rational and analytical planners, Essay - 1

Discuss.. The image of managers as rational and analytical planners, decision makers and issuers of commands does not stand up to scrutiny when researchers examine what managers actually do - Essay Example The other members of the organizational community may be attached to the organization as their economic activity or as a source of some satisfaction. Besides, the nature of human being that deviates from the ideal situation does not allow them to operate collectively towards the achievement of common objective. There is a lot of diversity among the human resource. There is also need to plan the activities of an organization and make appropriate decisions at certain points in the organization. These require some kind of management, a way of passing information and coordinating the activities in the organization (Watson 2003, p4). The roles of the various employees need to be defined, there is need to supervise how the employees perform the tasks as a way of appraisal or dismissal, and there is a need to review the organizations objectives and evaluate the overall performance of the organization. There is a need to establish proper relation with the individuals that are outside the org anization as well. The diverse need of the community that surrounds the organization including the employees of the organization is what makes management one of the challenging roles in an organization. A manager who partly owns a company will provide a different managerial approach than the other one who has no share in the organization (James, 1999, p.2). The role of managers in an organization has received various scrutinies due to the ambiguity that exists in defining term itself. The operations in a given organization may not go on smoothly not because the top management consists of incompetent personnel but because the managers are not doing the right things. Watson (2001) thus describes management in three different aspects: management as a function, management as activities and management as a team of people (p.35). The kind of manager that Watson mentions includes both the middle manager and the senior manager. The

Supreme Court Winery Decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Supreme Court Winery Decision - Essay Example It is plausible to note that the ruling destroyed the distribution chain by the wine fabricating companies including chain stores, wholesalers, and retailers (Bravin A1). The system reduced benefits since it boosts unemployment in the United States. Although the decision might create a new market niche for the country’s products, the benefits are enjoyed at the expense of collapse of local infant/inefficient industries. Kantianism suggests that although some actions could bring about more happiness than the others could, there is a possibility of being prohibited. Based on this principle, the Supreme Court ruling was morally upright since it encouraged equality, transparency, and fairness in the market. In fact, if all states and countries could act and emulate the earlier ruling, then globalization together with its benefits could be a nightmare. There is the essence of collaboration and competition in the market, which benefits all market participants. The earlier law did not respect the goals of the human being but rather was used to protect the local industries and presumed consumption of alcohol by young Americans. According to Kantianism theory, the moral of an action does not depend on whether the presumed action is wrong or right on their consequences, but rather on whether such action fulfills its duty (Bravin A6). Out-of-state wineries can still conduct online businesses with their customers in a socially accepted manner. Tax is a fundamental ingredient to the government that assures benefits to the greatest majorities. In this perspective, online out-of-sale wineries would be considered dealing in a moral perspective only if they contribute a significant amount of the profits as tax to the government to support the establishment and creation of public goods.  

Ten questions, Ethical Issues in sports Assignment

Ten questions, Ethical Issues in sports - Assignment Example Researcher Todd Crosset stressed that his data were limited, but also wrote, "To suggest that all of these cases are simply a result of athletes being targeted because of their high profile status denies reality. The best interests of institutions cannot be served until those working within the institutions admit that a problem exists." Clearly, the universities do not make any effort to recognize a problem, and then to punish their star athletes for their horrendous actions. Without a doubt, student athletes with criminal records should not posses free-ride scholarships for various reasons. A student playing for a university is a privilege and not a right. If a student is immature and lacks decision making skills, then clearly the student does not deserve a free-ride scholarship. Furthermore, a student who is disciplined in his behaviors and ethics deserves a free-ride scholarship more than an athlete who does not value a free-ride scholarship. In this competitive business, agents play the race card in order to retain black athletes. With so much propaganda brewing from the media, playing the race card usually yields success for agents. A classic example of â€Å"playing the card† was portrayed in the trial of OJ Simpson, an ex-football athlete accused of murder as Roger Simon writes, October 1995 â€Å""Why was playing the race card necessary in order for O. J. Simpson to go free? The race card was instilled because it was the only way for the defense to deal with the massive physical evidence against him." This is a tough scenario since these statements are not always made by black and white agents. For instance, if a white agent grew up in a poor town and family, they will say this statement. In a lot of cases, background plays a vital role. Some black athletes are born in prestigious families while most come from poor neighborhoods.

Customers Relastion1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Cybercrime Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cybercrime - Research Paper Example One of the best investigative techniques to deal with this issue is to bait the cybercriminals. It is also useful to spy on their forums and lure them out of the shadow. In reality, they are among the most elusive form of criminal. The truth is people must be very careful to protect their passwords and their personal information. It is not a good idea to put your birthday on your Facebook account, for example, as this information may be used in some circumstances to access banking and other private records. Do not talk to strangers online if you are underage, as well, as they may be predators. Part of the problem with the Internet is its anonymity. It is hard to track down cybercriminals and they know it. The bank robbers of the future will not wear masks and carry guns, they will be the people who sit at their computer and hack into the bank. We must develop better investigative techniques to deal with

Challenging the Status Quo of Technology in Business Outline Essay Example for Free

Challenging the Status Quo of Technology in Business Outline Essay I. Introduction A. Getting in trouble as a teenager, led this innovative mind to reshape technological advances to better suit Business needs as society sees it today. B. Any Idea can be great; implementation of that idea takes careful planning and a smooth technological framework to seamlessly pull it off. C. Choosing to eschew the established ways most seek out their lives, Bill Gates chose to cultivate his interests, even by getting in trouble with a corporation at a young age while capitalizing on an error in a system, and pivot these ideas into a multi-billion dollar enterprise. See more: outline format for essay D. An active dedicated mind that sees inadequacies around them is the best way to fuel innovative changes to streamline a business need. Having the keen ability to identify holes in logic and process is an opportunity to identify the need for change from an improvement standpoint. E. A successful individual with a thirst for understanding of technology, and a desire to improve the ways that business can be protected, while being innovative in managing daily and long reaching business goals, has demonstrated ways to streamline efficiencies all while improving revenues, and decreasing overhead. This successful, driven and adaptable individual defined ways for businesses to thrive, all while ultimately making it less complicated for users of a product to perform certain work tasks, while staying better organized and documented. II. My program Technical Project Management A. I selected Technical Project Management, as it is Essential for Business, and is an in demand field. B. In two and a half years, I will have successfully obtained my Bachelor’s Degree, allowing me to fulfill my desire to participate in changing business climates, and help manage all aspects of project implementation with a strong understanding of all the skills required to manage projects from a technical standpoint. C. To be successful in the Technical Project Management field I will need to be able to effectively identify all aspects of a project from a management perspective, these skills are defined by Schiff (2013, January 15) as Highly Organized, and good multi-tasker, Have the ability to take charge and know how to lead, Be an effective communicator, Know How and When to Negotiate, Be Detail Oriented, Recognize and Solve Problems Quickly, Possess the necessary technical skills (Schiff, J 2013)* III. An effective leader demonstrates efficiencies of leadership by possessing core values of Honesty, Focus, Passion, and overall respect. A. An effective leader is defined by how they utilize a combination of nature and nurture is the obvious core element in the development of personality (Williams, 2005) * B. Positive leadership traits can be summarized with the following attributes: Williams (2005, June) defines positive leadership traits as: Personal consistency, Discipline and Integrity. Intolerance of mediocrity. A concern to build mutual trust. Focused passion for the business. Recognition of the critical importance of emotional intelligence in leadership. (Williams, 2005).* IV. William Henry Gates III ‘Bill Gates’ A. Wikipedia provides the following to describe Bill Gates:† William Henry Bill Gates III (born October 28, 1955) [2] is an American business magnate, investor, programmer, [3] inventor [4] and philanthropist. (Wikipedia 2013) * 1. Relevant formative details: in 1975 Gates, a sophomore attending Harvard University, had read a copy of Popular Electronics that demonstrated the Altair 8800. Gates contacted Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) the creators of the new microcomputer and informed them that he and others were working on developing software from a program BASIC which was designed for large computers, after creating the program and meeting with MITS executives resulted in a deal and this new adapted software would be included in the first microcomputers. It would be at this point that Gates would not return to Harvard to finish his degree, instead he partnered with Paul Allen and named their partnership Micro-Soft. The team would later drop the hyphen, and then three years later moved back home to Washington and established corporation paperwork in Bellevue, where Microsoft and Bill Gates would become the leader, and powerhouse of software development. Wikipedia 2013* 2. As Co- Founder, and Chairman of Microsoft, Currently Bill Gates is regarded as the single most successful business person in the PC industry for all his contributions to consumer ready personal computer products. Wikipedia documents that Time Magazine named Gates one of the 100 people who most influenced the 20th Century, as well as one of the 100 most influential people of 2004, 2005 and 2006 (Wikipedia 2013)* B. Your reasons for selecting this person 1. Bill Gates is a pioneer of technological office products which forever changes how businesses are able streamline efficient technologies. Bills quest for knowledge of how things worked, and how they could be improved started in his formative years while attending the Lakeside School in  Seattle Washington, where he took an interest in programming the new computer system the school had recently purchased. As a result of his expressed interest in this computer system he was excused from Math classes to peruse his interest. (Wikipedia 2013) * 2. I intend to utilize mainstream software as part of successful implementation for projects that I manage in technical in project management. I have a profound level of identifying things that do not work around me, and am constantly striving to question ways, and implement solutions that are going to streamline an efficiency. I Intend to utilize the products that Bill Gates has created for businesses, such as Microsoft Office Suite of Products, along with supplemental products such as Microsoft Project which are the most widely utilized programs in the currently among businesses. V. Your own leadership qualities and success traits: As a leader I am capable of showing those around me a better more efficient way to manage tasks, I intent to continue to broaden this knowledge and share with others. My success traits are that I am extremely personable, and easy to interact with. My overall personality is very outgoing and friendly making fast friends in any environment. I have strong values and morals, which are easily recognized upon meeting with me. These traits are essential when forming relationships in any structure, especially in business. A. My personal strengths that I am able to take and apply towards being a leader is having the Personality Type Assessment show me I am an ENFP The Inspirers personality. Per the assessment I am creative and industrious; I am easily able to find success in activities and projects that are of interest to myself, and I am great at motivating others as well as being organized, however I am not overly fond of routine. Additionally the MIS assessment showed me that I am stimulated in my multiple intelligences by Rhythmic, Visual, Interpersonal, Body/kinetic and Intrapersonal learning styles. (Sherfield, Moody 2011)* 1. These assessment showed me that I am a compassionate, outgoing emotionally connected, perceptive individual that works well in dynamics with others where external stimulations such as visual, rhythmic, Interpersonal, Body/kinetic, and Intrapersonal interactions suit me best. These align with my values of compassion, caring, honesty and Respect. By understanding how I work best, I am better able to be a leader by utilizing my strengths to help hone those skills. 2. I am able to be successful by focusing on my ability to be an outgoing and emotionally invested leader demonstrating that I am dynamic in how I can learn, lead and relate, therefore showing others dynamic ways of approaching related tasks, and embracing ideas. 3. I plan to employ my strengths by overall action. A person that is able to show and demonstrate excellent qualities will gain respect, and therefore earn the trust of those they are trying to lead. B. The areas of weakness that I possess are related to how I handle conflict. Per the conflict management assessment I realize that I have a very strong ability to try and resolve conflict, I do however have room for improvement. I need to work better at becoming adept at handling conflict so that I may do well with mediation, negotiation and anger management. That will in turn make me more approachable so that people may turn to me in times of need for advice about conflicts and possible resolutions. (Sherfield, Moody 2011) * 1. The positive changes you need to make in order to resolve weaknesses: I need to focus on managing spikes in my anger towards people that manage to irritate me when I am trying to help them learn something. I will undoubtedly gain a higher level of respect by treating others with respect instead of allowing myself to become agitated at the pace or aptitude of others. 2. Your plan for resolving these weaknesses: to focus on moments when I  feel myself become angered, and attempt to stop from speaking, or acting any further without first looking at the situation from a broader aspect, and seeing the potential areas for improvement. VI. Conclusion A. It is often the ones that get in trouble and challenge the status quo, that make the best innovators and leaders that shape our business to an ever growing and improving dynamic. Being a leader in this field takes courage, and a quest for the ever present Why. Those that challenge and ask why are often the ones that present new ideas to change our course as society. Strength and courage to continue challenging the status quo, and teaching others new ways is what defines a leader. B. I feel that Bill Gates is an unequivocal pioneer in the field of business technology. He challenged so much about what was out there, and had the courage in his vision to make great changes. Bill Gates created systems and programs that would further streamline how businesses are able to conduct their day to day activities by creating and packaging licensed products that are essential tools for any successful business. I look forward to learning more about these programs, and to employ them when I am working in my field of study. C. I plan to enroll in additional courses outside of the DeVry Degree Program that will provide me with additional training on Microsoft Suite of Applications specifically Microsoft SQL a server application that businesses utilize to extract data when executing systems testing requirements. References Schiff, J (2013 January 15). 7 Must-have Project Management Skills for IT Pros (1) Sherfield, M. Moody P. (2001) Cornerstone: Creating success through positive change, Sixth Edition. Boston, MA: Pearson. Williams, M. (2005, June). Leadership for leaders. London, GBR. Thorogood Publishing Wikipedia. Bill Gates Retrieved October 1, 2013 at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates

La Belle Dame sans Merci By John Keats Essay Example for Free

La Belle Dame sans Merci By John Keats Essay La Belle Dame sans Merci is a poem written by John Keats who was a romantic poet. The first three stanzas of this poem are spoken by the narrator who is talking to the poet, asking him why hes wondering by himself and looks so sad. He addresses the poet as wretched Wight roaming outside, all alone. The narrator whos out in the countryside talks about the night and the surroundings what its like presently. There are no sedges or birds in the trees. Everything seems to be complete as the harvests are done which marks the end of the year and the fact that there are no leaves tells us it is autumn too which is a time of the year when it seems as though all forms of life have come to an end. Out of curiosity he asks the poet what is wrong with him. The rest of the poem is the poets reply. The poet tells us that he saw an extremely beautiful lady somewhere as in the line I met a lady in the meads, full beautiful, a fairys child. The poet further describes the lady. He says that she was so beautiful and graceful that she couldnt have been a human. With such long hair and the grace as she had, she had to be a fairys child though her eyes seemed to be wild or disturbed. The poet makes her sit on his horse and in her presence, sees nothing else as in the line I set her on my pacing steed and nothing else saw all day long. She sings a song of such music and melody thats its definitely not human. A place where there seemed to be no sound of birds is now enchanted by music. The music is not ordinary music or song but that of a fairies and the immortal as in the line for sideways would she lean and sing a fairys song. The fairy in this poem represents the poetic inspiration which inspires poets and artists to write and compose. Without this they feel that they are good as dead. The poetic inspiration casts poets into a delightful mood out of which they are able to compose their poetry. It changes a poets life when it enters it by brightening it up and leaves it in a nasty way. Just the way poetic inspiration can change the life of a poet when it enters the previous picture of dull and lifelessness also brightens up when the lady is mentioned. In the third to fifth stanza the poet describes the experience in the presence of the lady and the poetic inspiration which are alike. The poet under the spell composes poetry with words as though decorating the fairy that seems to enjoy him poetry [decoration] very much and urges him to continue. He seems to be enjoying all the sensual pleasures which are of taste, sight, music, fragrance and touch. In the lines she found me roots of relish sweet and honey wild and manna dew, the words relish sweet, honey wild, and manna dew, symbolize or express rather, the pleasures experienced by the poet while writing poetry. In the next stanza we find key words which tell us something about the lady. In the lines and there she gazed and sighed deep and there I shut her wild sad eyes so kissed to sleep, the words sighed deep and wild sad eyes tell us that the lady is not happy about something and that she too is troubled over something. The lady who happens to be a fairy, one that belongs to the world of the immortal cannot stay with a person for long. This is because she is from a different world and so after a period of time she must desert the person no matter what and this is what has caused her grief. Even the best of men this world can offer, kings and warriors are no math and she must leave them all. In the same way, the poetic inspiration cannot stay with one person for a long time. It must move on and go to other people and inspire them to compose as well. In the next stanza we see how the poet tries to enjoy his few moments of ecstasy at the most and dream even if its on the cold hill side. The poet knows that he too, like those before him will be deserted. In the next stanza he describes his dream, or rather nightmare in which he sees the people who have already been deserted by the lady and become severely ill their life to them was as good as death. Without the fairy that they loved, they had nothing to live for. In the same sense the poetic inspiration allows poets to do what they love to do i.e. write poetry but once that is taken away, so is their ability of composing and they loose interest in life. The men are left with starved lips and pale faces with nothing worth living for. And when the poet wakes up, he find himself in the same situation and all alone on the cold hill side. And so the poet tells the narrator that he had been deserted by the one he loved most and it didnt really matter what time of the year it was because his life was as good as death.

Developing Natural Gas Sweetening Processes

Developing Natural Gas Sweetening Processes Introduction Natural gas contains large amounts of methane (CH4), but also all kinds of impurities such as sour gases (e.g., H2S and CO2). The acid gases in the natural gas should be removed to comply with environmental regulations and to avoid technological problems during gas transportation.1–3 For instance, dry ice or CO2 hydrate products can clog the system during liquefaction of the natural gas.2 Hence it would be beneficial to find an efficient and economical method for CO2 capture from natural gas. Amine-based natural gas â€Å"sweetening† (removal of sour gases) process is a widely used and mature technology. However, this process requires high energy for solvent regeneration and amines are corrosive and volatile which causes environmental pollution.1 In the past decade, ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as a promising alternative to the amines due to their remarkable properties.4–6 Anderson et al.7 measured the solubility of various gases in the 1-hexyl-3-methylpyrolidium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide [hmpy][Tf2N]. The solubility of the gases in [hmpy][Tf2N] at 298 K follows the trend: SO2>CO2>C2H4>C2H6>CH4>O2>N2. Similar gas solubility trends were observed in 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)amide ([hmim][Tf2N]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([bmim][Tf2N]).8,9 Simple gases often interact weakly with the IL ions, hence the polarizability of the gases is reflected in the solubility behavior. Molecules that possess an electric quadrupole moment (such as CO2 and C2H4) show higher solubilities in ILs.10 From an application point of view, solubility data only is not enough to judge the separation performance of a solvent, instead selectivity data is essential. One of the first mixed gas solubilities was reported by Hert et al.11 The authors surprisingly found that an enhancement of CH4 solubility when both CH4 and CO2 were dissolved in [hmim][Tf2N] liquid. It was speculated that the enhancement in CH4 solubility was due to favorable dispersion interactions between dissolved CO2 and CH4, while the drop in CO2 solubility was due to a reduction in free volume caused by the absorption of CH4. Carvalho and Coutinho12 measured CO2/CH4 and H2S/CH4 solubilities in three ILs and proposed that the ionic liquid polarity is an essential parameter in the design of ILs with high CO2 selectivities. To design and optimize natural gas sweetening processes using ILs, mastering the important factors that dictate CO2/CH4 solubility as well as selectivity is essential. Shi and Maginn13 computed the mixed gas isotherms for the mixtures CO2/O2, SO2/N2, and CO2/SO2 dissolve in [hmim][Tf2N] and interpreted these mixed gas solubilities by energetic analysis. CO2 and SO2 interact more strongly with the anion than the cation due to stronger electrostatic interactions between the solute and the anion. N2 and O2 interact weakly with the ionic liquid and show little difference in interaction energy between the cation and anion. Thus CO2 and SO2 compete with each other in dissolution, while CO2 and O2 dissolve independently.13 However, there has no simulation motivated to address the unusual solubility behavior of CO2/CH4 mixtures in ILs. In this proposed research, molecular dynamics simulations will be utilized to investigate the enhanced solubility of CH4 in [hmim][Tf2N] in the presence of CO2.11 Also, with the aim of improving CO2/CH4 selectivity in ionic liquids, several other ILs described in the work done by Carvalho and Coutinho12 will be examined. These simulations could enable one to probe local structure of gases in ILs and energetics between different solutes and solvents, thereby give physical insight into the observed selectivity trends. The final goal is to find optimum structures of ILs that have satisfying performance in natural gas sweetening process. Research Question In this study, the solubilities of CO2/CH4 mixtures in four ILs will be investigated in order to understand the peculiar phenomenon of enhanced solubility of CH4 in the presence of CO2 in [hmim][Tf2N] and to understand the higher selectivity of CO2/CH4 in [bmim][Tf2N] as compare to that in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate ([bmim][CH3SO3]) at molecular level. This work will be accomplished by classical molecular dynamics of systems consist of mixture gases with different molar ratios dissolve into four ionic liquids, [hmim][Tf2N], [bmim][Tf2N], [bmim][PF6] and [bmim][CH3SO3] respectively. The selectivities for different cases will be calculated and compare with experimental results at room temperature and at a pressure of 10 bar, which is a common operating pressure for natural gas sweetening process. Local electrostatic potential and radial distribution function of ILs will be computed to analyze the interactions between gas molecules and IL constituents and favorable abs orption sites. Test particle insertion method will be utilized to calculate the excess chemical potential of CO2 and CH4 in different ILs. With this systematic information, a solid conclusion about the physical reasons lead to high CO2/CH4 selectivity could be achieved. The cation effect and anion effect to the selectivity could be drawn from the results in cases of these four ILs. In addition, more extensive work could be conducted to predict the relationship between the IL structure and the trend of selectivity of CO2/CH4 mixtures in ILs. Significance of the Proposed Research The global natural gas demand is expected to increase 1.4% per year in the next 20~30 years.2 Of great industrial relevance, carbon dioxide capture is very important in the natural gas sweetening process. Ionic liquids, due to their outstanding properties, such as negligible vapor pressure, high thermal stability, nonflammability and high solvation capacity, are believed to be promising alternatives for conventional CO2 capture solvents. Especially, the large differences in pure gas solubility reported in the literature suggest that selectivity for gas mixtures could be high, making ILs a strong candidate for effective separation processes. It is possible to design many potential ILs by enormous combination of cations and anions and their functionalized ions. Therefore, the systematic study of different cation/anion combinations will provide us key parameters in the structure of ILs with high CO2/CH4 selectivity. However, measuring solubilities of gas mixtures is significantly more difficult than measuring pure gas solubilites.14 Therefore, molecular modeling is an efficient way to help understand solubility trends in ILs. Through this proposed study, we can gain physical understanding in the selectivity of mixture gases in ILs at a molecular level. An additional advantage is that the simulations enable one to probe micro structure and energetics, thereby giving useful insight into the source of selectivity trends observed. The proposed research will inspire experimentalists to design ILs with higher CO2/CH4 selectivity, thus apply it into industrial natural gas sweetening process. Proposed Studies Simulation Details: In this proposed research, I will perform systematic classical molecular dynamics simulations for systems representing CO2 and CH4 dissolve in [hmim][Tf2N], [bmim][Tf2N], [bmim][PF6] and [bmim][CH3SO3] ILs respectively. All simulations will be performed using the GROMACS15 program. Nose-Hoover temperature coupling will be used to set the temperature at 298 K and Parrinello-Rahman pressure coupling will be used to keep the pressure at 10 bar. Periodic boundary conditions will be applied in all directions. The cations and anions involved in this work are listed in scheme 1 with their molecular structures. Scheme 1. Molecular structures of the cations and anions used in this study. Force Field. In all simulations described in this study, ILs and CH4 will use the Canongia Lopes-PaÃÅ' dua16 and OPLS-AA17 force fields. Lennard-Jones parameters and the partial charges for CO2 will take from the TraPPE18 force field. The experimental C-O bond length (1.16 Ã…) and O-C-O bond angle (180ËÅ ¡) are fixed during simulations. The TraPPE model has been effectively used for predicting CO2 absorption in various ILs.13,19–22 Thus, all the force field parameters are available. Pure Gas Absorption. The pure gas absorption for CO2 and CH4 will be computed following the method published by Huang et al.23 The initial configuration of the IL/CO2 or IL/CH4 binary system will be prepared from two independent bulk phase subsystems. The IL phase consists of 256 ionic pairs, and the gas (CO2 or CH4) phase initially has 216 molecules. Both IL phase and gas phase will first be equilibrated by a 1 ns NPT simulation at 298 K and 10 bar. Then the two subsystems will be concatenated along the Z direction to form a sandwich like simulation box with the gas phase in the middle. Some gas molecules are going to be removed in order to fit the cross section between the gas phase and IL phase. An energy minimization process is necessary to prevent steric hindrances in the combined system. The generated system then undergoes a 20 ns NPT equilibration run to allow gas molecules to diffuse into the IL phase. In order to improve sampling, five uncorrelated phase points will be colle cted from a successive 500 ps NPT run. Figure 1 shows a typical configuration of the equilibrium simulation box. These five configurations are used as initial coordinates for five 300 ps production runs in microcanonical (NVE) ensemble. The last 200 ps trajectories of each NVE simulation are used to collect data. Figure 1. A snapshot of the equilibrium state of the simulation box.23 Mixed Gas Absorption and Selectivities. As described above, the only thing different for mixed gas absorption from the pure gas absorption is the gas phase contains two kinds of gas molecules, CO2 and CH4. In order to test the feed ratio effect, the molecular numbers of CO2 and CH4 are set to two distinct ratios, 1:9 and 1:1, which are the gas mixture compositions in ref. 11. As observed by ref. 11, only tiny amount of CO2 could enhance CH4 solubility. The numbers of gas molecules can be easily obtained from the five final trajectories. Thus the mole fractions of CO2 or CH4 to ILs can be computed. Simply, the solubility is computed in terms of molar fraction by or , where x means the molecule number in IL phase. With the mole fractions of CO2 and CH4 in gas mixture/IL system, the selectivity for CO2 over CH4 can be computed as ,13 where x means the molecule number in IL phase and y means the molecule number in the initial gas phase. This is the first goal of this research that aiming to confirm and predict the solubilities and selectivities of CO2 and CH4 gas molecules in different ILs. These data can also be used to validate the simulation method. It should be reasonable to expect that the above mentioned modeling procedure is capable of yielding good estimations of mixed gas absorption. Radial Distribution Functions. The RDFs for pure liquid structures, gas/IL binary structures and mixed-gas/IL ternary structures can be calculated from the production simulations in NVE ensemble. Previous results23 showed that even though considerable amounts of CO2 diffused into the IL phase, the structure changes of the IL were small. However, the cases of CH4 gas diffuses into the IL phase have to be examined as well as the cases for CO2/CH4 gas mixtures dissolve in ILs. Therefore, the RDFs could tell us whether the structure will change significantly or not during the co-solvation process of CO2 and CH4 molecules. Previous studies concluded that CO2 preferentially interacts with anions in ILs.5,8,13,23,24 However, little knowledge is known about the structure correlation for CH4 with cations and anions in ILs. Especially, the locations of CH4 molecules in ILs in the presence of CO2 would be very interesting. From the NVE simulations, the Coulomb and Lennard-Jones potentials between different energy groups could be obtained. The energetic analyses could help explain the spatial distribution of CH4 and CO2 molecules in ILs. In addition, by comparing the relative interaction energies between solutes and the cations, anions and other dissolved solutes, one can understand which interaction makes CH4 more dissolvable in [hmim][Tf2N] when in the presence of CO2. Local Electrostatic Potentials. Although the liquid is neutral in total charge, the local electrostatic environment within the first solvation shell of CO2 or CH4 molecule may have important effect on the solubility and selectivity performance.21 At any given time during the production runs, the position of each absorbed gas molecule can be determined. Also the surrounding atoms within , 1.5 nm, can be identified. Therefore, the local electrostatic potential U for a given absorbed gas molecule (x, y, z) can be calculated by: where na is the number of surrounding atoms, qn,i is the partial charge on each surrounding atom, rn,i is the distance from each atom to the center carbon atom of absorbed gas molecule. Analyzing the distribution of local electrostatic potentials for CO2 and CH4 together with the selectivities, the relation between local electrostatic potentials can selectivities can be built. Based on the fact that CO2 has a large quadrupole moment, CO2 molecule should be affected strongly by the local electrostatic potential. The more negative the local electrostatic potential is the higher preference for CO2 selectivity.21 I expect that the highest selectivity IL [bmim][CH3SO3] will give more negative distribution of local electrostatic potential as compare to other ILs. Solvation Free Energy. In order to have more evidences for energetic analysis of the interactions between CO2/CH4 and ILs, Widom particle insertion method25 is utilized to determine the excess chemical potential of the solutes under study. The key quantity characterizing a solute in the solvation process is its solvation free energy, that is, the free energy necessary to insert the solute from pure ideal gas phase into solution. The solvation free energy per solute is equal to the excess chemical potential of the solute. In the case of an NPT ensemble the excess chemical potential can be written as26 where is the potential energy between the solute and the solvent, V is the volume of the system, =1/, and the angle brackets denote an isobaric-isothermal average over trajectory of the system without solute. For each IL, the equilibration trajectory of pure IL in NPT ensemble is needed. Because test particle insertion method in GROMACS is currently limited to inserting a single charge group, the excess chemical potential of CO2 and CH4 can only calculated one at a time. At least, we can get information about the relative affinity of CO2 to ILs and CH4 to ILs. Thus the CO2/CH4 selectivities in different ILs could be compared using all the aforementioned methods. In summary, the solubilities and selectivities of CO2 and CH4 pure gas and gas mixtures in four ILs will be calculated. The deep reasons that determine the CO2/CH4 selectivity will be investigated. Although only four ILs, [hmim][Tf2N], [bmim][Tf2N], [bmim][PF6] and [bmim][CH3SO3], are under this proposed research, we can expect to find out the anion effect to CO2/CH4 selectivity. By studying the spatial structure, interaction energy, local electrostatic potential and excess chemical potential, this work will contribute to the IL society with the first molecular dynamics simulation of CH4 dissolves in ILs and CO2/CH4 gas mixture dissolves in ILs.

Humorous Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride -- Wedding Toasts

Humorous Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride Well, good afternoon everyone, for those of you that don?t know me my name is Lee and I?m Janie?s dad, and in keeping with tradition, it is my honor and privilege to deliver the ?Father of the Bride Speech?. Having to make this speech is one of the few opportunities in a married man?s life when he is allowed to do all of the talking...and I intend to make the most of it. Now, giving a speech can be a little stressful so I will put into practice what I preach, that is...always remember the ABC to the XYZ of public speaking. ABC..Always Be Confident, ?XYZ..Xamine Your Zipper. (check zipper). It won?t be a long speech on account of my throat?.no, it?s not sore, it?s just that Janet threatened to cut it if I go on too long! So I?ll start...Distinguished guests, those of dubious distinction and those of absolutely no distinction whatsoever, family, relatives, friends, relatives of friends, friends of friends, hotel staff, freeloaders and hangers-on, on behalf of Janet and myself, I extend a warm welcome to Janie and Martin?s wedding celebration reception. You know, delivering the ?Father of the Bride? speech feels a bit like a sheikh walking into his harem for the first time...you know what to do, but you don?t know where to start. I will start however by taking this opportunity to thank especially Janet for not only being chief worrier and organise... ... we marry. It is very obvious that they have found in one another a perfect match; their happiness shines like a beacon. Janie and Martin, there is no challenge in a marriage that cannot be overcome by the following three, three word sentences: I was wrong. You were right. I love you. So, approaching the toast, ladies and gentlemen, please stand and make sure your glasses are fully charged?mine is being charged to Barclaycard? Janie and Martin? Here?s to the past for all that it taught you Here?s to the present for all that you share And here?s to the future for all that you can look forward together Ladies & gentlemen please raise your glasses. The toast is?Janie & Martin, Bride and Groom

Importance of Immunizations :: essays research papers

My Audience will know the Importance of Immunizations I. INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Importance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases A. ATTENTION GETTER   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fact Texas is ranked last in Immunization coverage rates among the 50 states† B. ESTABLISH THEME   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Un immunized kids are starting to become a risk factor in our Texas school, to a point where they are starting to exclude students from school activities. C. CREDIBILITY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I speak from first hand knowledge, not only am I faced with these problems on a day to day basis, my daughter was diagnosed with pertussis from an un immunized contact person, so I know the importance of immunizations. (tell story about Serenity) D. PREVIEW 1-2-3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This evening we will discuss: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The importance of vaccines. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ways to improve our Immunization rates. 3. Where you can take your child for low-cost or no cost vaccines.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not only is un immunized children on a dramatic rise in Texas, statistics show that there was 5,465 cases of vaccine preventable diseases reported in Texas during 2004 resulting in 132 deaths II. FIRST MAJOR IDEA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The statistics of vaccine preventable diseases demonstrate the importance of vaccine preventable diseases. A. SUPPORT MATERIAL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Information on immunizations (hand outs) B. SUPPORT MATERIAL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ways to protect your child (schedule, complete series) III. SECOND MAJOR IDEA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1992 Texas initiated a pilot program called ImmTrac that is a free service of the Texas Department of State Health Services. This secure, confidential registry stores a child’s immunization information electronically in one central system and offers physicians, parents and schools easy access to a child’s immunization history. Immtrac can ensure that children are vaccinated on time and protected from vaccine preventable diseases. A. SUPPORT MATERIAL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Immtrac has showed significant success by improving our levels of coverage by 10% in each of the vaccine categories. B. SUPPORT MATERIAL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  VFC Program Vaccine for Children’s IV. THIRD MAJOR IDEA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Texas has allocated monies from the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, and Section 1928 of the Social Security act to fund the program. A. SUPPORT MATERIAL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over 989 providers in Region2/3, over 5, 000 providers thru out Texas B. SUPPORT MATERIAL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wont refuse for in ability to pay, no one turned Now that I have informed you on the importance of vaccines, V. CONCLUSION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Following the immunization schedule, and having your vaccines on time, is the best way to prevent these diseases that we are facing everyday to cease. A. REVIEW   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vaccine preventable diseases are on a dramatic rise in not only Texas but also in our country.

Exploring the Value of Canonical Literature and Its Role in Modern Educ

Exploring the Value of Canonical Literature and Its Role in Modern Education The English curriculum within most modern high schools seems to be comprised of two main portions. The first of these is the grammatical component, which seeks to help students better understand the structure and function of language. This aspect, although considered tedious by many students, certainly has immense value. Communication within the bounds of the English language is governed by a multitude of grammatical rules. Any student who wishes to communicate effectively must possess at least a basic understanding of these standards. The grammatical component, however, does not stand alone in the high school English classroom. It typically is accompanied by a literature section. This aspect of the curriculum focuses on the study of written works. In most secondary education settings, the literature studied falls into the realm of what is commonly referred to as â€Å"the classics.† In essence, these books are part of a canon of literary works that has been collected and passed down through the years. Having stood the test of time, they are considered by many to be â€Å"the best of the best† (Dixon 4). Most of the literature in the canon is like a fine wine in that it seems to have gotten better (or at least become more highly regarded) with age. These books typically are written by authors whose names have become legendary: Dickens, Twain, Shakespeare, Bronte, etc. Although the canon does feature a few 20th century writers such as Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and Wright, there is an undeniably heavy emphasis placed on authors who died centuries ago. Aside from a few notable exceptions, the works of the canon also tend to be f... ... classics and make it personally relevant. If this is done, the canon then becomes an invaluable tool for increasing knowledge and building understanding. WORKS CITED Appleman, Deborah. Critical Encounters In High School English. New York: Columbia University, 2000. Dixon, James G. Transcending Difference: The Place of the Classics in the Curriculum of the ‘90s. Diss. Grove City College, 1991. Funderstanding. 9 Nov. 2003. . Jain, Saranga. Literature in Education: Contemporary Texts Versus the Classics. Diss. The Pennsylvania State University, 1998. Literacy Matters. 8 Nov. 2003. . Whitehead, Alfred North. â€Å"The Place of Classics In Education.† The Aims of Education and Other Essays. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1929. 93-115.

Racism in Tatum

In the society of today, racism is still prevalent even though many people remain ignorant to it. According to Tatum (1997), racism is â€Å"a system of advantage based on race† (p. 126). Tatum also states that racism is a form of oppression, either from outside forces or people of color who have internalized oppression. In different ways Tatum describes racism, for example that preschoolers are exposed to early stereotypes in an early age by films they see. In addition she writes about how one of her students could not believe that Cleopatra was a black woman because the rationalization of the student was that Cleopatra couldn’t have been black for she was beautiful. The views of that student in the subject of perceiving beauty is obviously misconstrued. According to Tatum (1997), â€Å"if one defines racism as a system of advantage base on race†¦people of color are not racist because they do not systematically benefit from racism† (p. 128). In Peggy McIntosh’s essay â€Å"White Privilege†, she list all the privileges she has came in contact with, sometimes unknowingly, that are tied in with her race. According to McIntosh (1988), â€Å"whites are carefully taught not to recognize white privilege, as males are taught not to recognize male privilege† (p. 178). Instead of knowing all the benefits and privileges one certain race has, those who have white privilege are unknowing in the privileges they receive or choose to ignore them. McIntosh also states that â€Å"obliviousness about white advantage, like obliviousness about male advantage, is kept strongly inculturated in the United States so as to maintain the myth of meritocracy, the myth that democratic choice is equally available to all† (p. 182). Her statement repeats her earlier sentiments that many of those who have white privileges do not acknowledge the fact that they have certain privileges that non-white people do not have because they want to believe in the myth that everyone is equal and everything is available to all those who deserve it. No matter how much people want to believe that everything is democratically equal, in reality it is not at all. Racism has been ingrained in history since the beginning of time. There were rules and regulations to continue separation between races. In Pem Davidson Buck’s essay, â€Å"Constructing Race, Creating White Privilege†, goes through history and mentions the different rules and consequences that are made to insure that people do not associate with other races or marry them. According to Buck (2001), there were laws â€Å"to keep the racial categories separate, a 1691 law increased the punishment of European women who married African or Indian men† (p. 33). In today’s society there is not law that would punish two people in matrimony, but they are stigmatized by both their races. For example if a mixed couple were seen walking down the streets, passersby will be prejudice against them and not see that they are married for love and that it doesn’t matter what their skin color is. All the authors who write about racism have similar notions. The authors can agree that they consider â€Å"White† to be the dominating race, though some want to change that perspective of domination. Through history it is shown that racism existed and will continue to exist today. Racism lingers around every corner, possibly without one even knowing it is present. However, how we perceive racism and the changes we can make in the behavior will slowly change the way racism is ravaging through society. The world is an imperfect world, but perceiving it differently will make the greatest change of all.

Medieval Women and Sexuality Essay

Dame Sirith, arguably the earliest fabliau in English, has often been interpreted as a parody on courtly love. Yet a careful analysis of the dialogues between Margery and Wilekin, the two `lovers-to-be’, exposes the alleged pervasiveness of the `courtly’ tone of Wilekin’s wooing as a construct of the critics. The poet’s main concern lies rather with the successful telling of a comic story and he relegates any `courtly’ elements to a secondary position so as not to upset the narrative balance of the tale. As a consequence, they remain subordinated to the main comic event, i.e. the trick played on the young wife by Dame Sirith and Margery’s subsequent change from a woman who would not sell herself at any price in the beginning, but who is in the end willing to pay anything to be `swyved’. The English aristocracy, like the French, laid claim to courtly conduct as a distinctive criteria for the upper class. Likewise, both the romance and the fabliau flourished among the English; the romance serving to instill courtly ideals, and the fabliau serving to show social realities. The fabliau plot frequently focuses upon infidelity, and the sexual relationship between lovers is graphically revealed, thereby devaluing the idealistic notion that courtly love remain a private matter. For example, Marjerie insists that she will not deceive her husband â€Å"on bed ne on flore†. Her direct reference to a physical consummation on â€Å"flore† or â€Å"bed† provides a sharp contrast to the removed, idealized language of courtly genres. Dame Sirith seems to be based on fundamental elements of sexual deception and the inversion of social hierarchies particularly as constructed in marriage, as it targets and highlights weak and foolish women, the title character plays a go-between for a would-be lover named Wilekin and the married lady of his dreams, Margery. Sirith devises an elaborate ruse to convince the reluctantyoung wife, whose husband is away, to accept Wilekin’s indecent proposal, a strategy that calls for a performing dog as well as a convincing  narrative. A mixture of mustard and pepper, ingested by the dog, makes it appear to weep while the accompanying narrative sets up the duping. Sirith presents the weeping dog to Margery telling her that the dog is Sirith’s daughter, who, having refused the amorous advances of a clerk, was magically transformed into the lacrimose creature standing before her: â€Å"Thenne begon the clerc to wiche / And shop mi douter til a biche†(line 353-55). The narrative is convincing and the desired result is achieved – the bawd successfully dupes the gullible Margery into an affair with her client. Margery’s character is a wife who has been left alone by her husband, the young woman’s marital status elides the marital infidelity so integral to Sirith’s trick. They show that despite the fabliaux’ apparent license, in fact they rely on the woman’s â€Å"no† and the man’s forceful masculinity to counter her resistance†¦ So the tension is great. The sexual encounter at the end of the tale is described with polite euphemisms in the analogues; in Aesop’s version, for example, we are told that the young man â€Å"fulfills his will,† and the emphasis upon the moral is highlighted. Wilkin is set to begin with like a courting sort of guy, but the audience is gently pulled towards the fact that he is a social climber indeed. On his way up the social ladder he would do anything, use all kinds of force needed. On the other hand there’s Margery and her puzzling reaction to him, her moral values and purity. He’s idealised her as a person, she’s untouchable because she’s married, it meant more in those days, like she’s forbidden. Dame Sirith shows moralistic attitudes and not fundamental human values that are at stake. To see Margery’s one set of precepts, namely `be faithful to your husband’,being abandoned†¦ in complete favour of another, obviously more fundamental one, namely `keep your human form’, need not raise a moral dilemma or cause emotional anguish to the reader? It makes me think about the power dynamics being excercised on love and desire during the end of that period in history and how the desire to control such emotions, feelings, desires, thoughts crossed with practices of witchcraft. A power witch may have to make a man desire her for unacceptable forbidden sexual activities and makes me wonder really who is blamed for the existenec of such desires? Who should be and is punished for participating in such activites? Who is excused and how? Who is the victim? Are we, as woman  today, accused of similar â€Å"powers† that excuse men of certain actions? The secrecy of the affair is considered shameful and cheap by Marjeri, as it was not in courtly literature. She is ever faithful until she learns it may effect her by witchcraft that’s when her vanity emerges. Furthermore, she claims to love her husband, and married love clearly is not part of the courtly system. Twelfth century work served to codify proper conduct for courtly lovers, specifically states that â€Å"Love cannot acknowledge any rights of his between husband and wife†and in the canonized romance, marriage is seldom an issue between lovers. You see the plot frequently focuses upon infidelity, and the sexual relationship between lovers is graphically revealed, thereby devaluing the idealistic notion that courtly love remain a private matter. Marjeri’s behavior towards Wilkin, which so clearly mimics courtly behavior, may seem especially puzzling to the reader attempting to reduce her language to univocal meaning. Perhaps she is simply too innocent to understand the implications of the language she employs. She may not be aware that her willingness to do or her statement that she is â€Å"ful fre† could be interpreted by Wilkin as a clear indication that she will grant him sexual favors. But really more likely, we should recognise Marjeri fitting the typical fabliau stereotype of a young, lusty, bourgeois wife, well aware of the plays of meaning in the language she employs. If we see her in this light, then her behavior towards Wilkin seems especially flirtatious, even a little cruel. She uses her language with him as a weapon to gain control and in fact her role as victim is minimized as she proves to be as calculating as her attacker. Certainly, a traditional courtly lover, would be more persistent and more patient, suffering over the lady’s rejection and growing pale and sickly in the process. The audience may begin to alter its expectations about the tale, from one that presents courtly ideals to one that mocks those ideals by contrasting them with social realities.Though Wilkin mimics the conventions of courtly conduct, he can never truly embody them. Rather than lamenting his loss in romance fashion, he takes a direct approach, seeking the assistance of the dame. Wilkin confesses that he is lovesick for Marjeri, and the old woman agrees to devise a trick to help him: Though courtly love in the romance may result in a sexual union, sex is always treated discreetly. The focus is upon the process of earning the  affections of a lover; not upon the physical act. However, in this fabliau, the concept of courtly love is reduced to immediate sexual gratification. The story that Dame Sirit concocts about her weeping dog is used as a trick to make Marjeri have sex with Wilkin, and the result is more akin to rape than love. As a result of the yarn, Marjeri succumbs to Wilkin against her will, for she fears being changed into a weeping bitch. It’s odd, and funny in a way, that she thinks if she gives into him and becoming perhaps a metaphorical bitch is better than being changed into a real one†¦ to do the deed instead of being turned. However her earlier flirtatious behavior indicates her awareness of the newly ironic language she employs and keeps her from seeming pitiable. Because she is aware of the slipperiness of devolved courtly language, Marjeri is able to turn the tables on these tricksters, and, ironically, to keep her dignity intact. Though Marjeri is forced to succumb to Wilkin, she is able to manipulate courtly language, asserting that the seduction is her idea and claiming that her concern is for Wilkin’s well-bei ng. Marjeri and Wilkin illustrate that, in order to be accessible to the rising bourgeoisie, the very nature of the system had to change, and its original intent was left ambiguous. As a literary device in the fabliau, courtly language devolves and becomes a source for rich irony.

A family ritual to strengthen family bonds Essay

As I was answering the Family rituals questionnaire, I felt good as i was somewhat compelled to reminisce the activities which I shared with my family when I was a child. It feels good to see that our family got a high score in the questionnaire. In only proves that we have been quite close as a family. I was only mesmerized as I recalled those moments when we simultaneously scan our old pictures and laugh at the way all of us looked in the past. I also enjoyed recalling the fond memories of our excursions when I was still a child. Personally, I do not want to change that kind of relationship which I had with my family in the past. I would like us to maintain this close relationship we have right now. For me, this is how families are supposed to be. Families are supposed to spend most of the time together so they can be updated with the events happening to one another. In this sense, they will always be available to succor when one among the family members is having some dilemma. In addition to that, the intimacy between them will not be lost; and instead, will only be kindled. That feeling of intimacy will make them more comfortable and more expressive with one another. The ritual that I would like to apply to my family is a unique Islamic tradition called Eid al-Fitr. Eid al-Fitr is being done some time after Ramadan. It is basically a tradition celebrating the success of the recently done Ramadan which is a whole month of blessings and joy. Moreover, Eid al-Fitr is also the extension of these blessings and joy to those who happen to be less fortunate. Every Muslim family must offer some donation of any kind to those who are in need. They do this so the needy can participate in the celebration as well. This is done before the end of the Eid so all the people can be prepared for the jubilation. When the day of the Eid comes, all of the participants will gather outdoors – in mosques – to perform a prayer that is especially for the Eid. Afterwards, the participants will begin to disperse and mingle with one another. They will meet up with their families, friends and other acquaintances to give presents and express their cordial greetings. If they have relatives who are not present and cannot go to the event, they can call them on the hoping and likewise extend their wishes. This event usually lasts for three days to allow the Muslims make the most out of the celebration. The meaning of this ritual is that it can manifest the unity and comradeship among its participants. By extending their warm wishes to other people and giving donations to those who are in need, the participants learn to take care aside from their selves and value other people as well. The act of giving donations can be symbolically interpreted as an act of offering something that sincerely comes from the self. The act is like transcending the self and its own interests in order to extend one’s hands to other people. By applying this ritual with my family, I aim that my family will have a sense of responsibility and learn how to work as a group. Moreover, I can also reinforce family planning. My family will learn that they also have responsibility over other people –their fellowmen – and that all of us must unite for a singular cause. By promoting the behavior of giving donations to the poor and mingling with the family members, the unity of a singular cause is reinforced. As we harbor in mind the need to achieve a singular purpose, we will learn how to work as a group. In the latter process, we will develop a more cohesive bond among ourselves. The part of mingling with other people can only encourage us to commune more deeply with one another and be aware of one another’s experiences. As the ritual will be repetitious, all of its objectives will be recurrently addressed. In addition to that, by mingling with the family members in the course of the ritual, we will realize the importance of family planning. In our family, there are more than ten of us who are siblings and it will surely be harder for us to greet one another while doing the ritual. Lastly, I think that the ritual need not to change as the members of the family grow older. We must only adapt with one another and our family embers – and our oscillating temperaments, tastes and yearnings. The touchstone of the ritual is that we feel the warm company of our family members as we do and enjoy doing things together. In that sense, my two goals can be achieved. We learn that we are responsible for the welfare of our family members and we learn to work collectively in making all of us grow individually as persons and the family as a whole.

Marginal cost Essay

1 Monopoly Why Monopolies Arise? Monopoly is a rm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes. The fundamental cause of monopoly is barriers to entry: A monopoly remains the only seller in its market because other rms cannot enter the market and compete with it. Barriers to entry have three main sources: 1. Monopoly Resources. A key resource is owned by a single rm. Example: The DeBeers Diamond Monopoly|this rm controls about 80 percent of the diamonds in the world. 2. Government-Created Monopolies. Monopolies can arise because the government grants one person or one rm the exclusive right to sell some good or service. Patents are issued by the government to give rms the exclusive right to produce a product for 20 years. 3. Natural Monopoly: a monopoly that arises because a single rm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more rms. A natural monopoly occurs when there are economies of scale, implying that average total cost falls as the rm’s scale becomes larger. Monopoly versus Competition The key di erence between a competitive rm and a monopoly is the monopoly’s ability to control price. The demand curves that each of these types of rms faces is di erent as well. 1. A competitive rm faces a perfectly elastic demand at the market price. The rm can sell all that it wants to at this price. 2. A monopoly faces the market demand curve because it is the only seller in the market. If a monopoly wants to sell more output, it must lower the price of its product. A monopoly’s marginal revenue will always be less than the price of the good (other than at the rst unit sold). 1. If the monopolist sells one more unit, his total revenue (P Q) will rise because Q is getting larger. This is called the output e ect. 2. If the monopolist sells one more unit, he must lower price. This means that his total revenue (P Q) will fall because P is getting smaller. This is called the price e ect. Remember that demand tends to be elastic along the upper lefthand portion of the demand curve. Thus, a decrease in price causes total revenue to increase. Further down the demand curve, the demand is inelastic. In this region, a decrease in price results in a drop in total revenue (implying that marginal revenue is now less than zero). Pro t Maximization The monopolist’s pro t-maximizing quantity of output occurs where marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. 1. If the rm’s marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost, pro t can be increased by raising the level of output. 2. If the rm’s marginal revenue is less than marginal cost, pro t can be increased by lowering the level of output. Even though MR = MC is the pro t-maximizing rule for both competitive rms and monopolies, there is one important di erence. 1. In competitive rms, P = MR at the pro t-maximizing level of output, P = MC . 2. In a monopoly, P > MR at the pro t maximizing level of output, P > MC . The monopolist’s price is determined by the demand curve (which shows us the willingness to pay of consumers). Question: Why a Monopoly Does Not Have a Supply Curve? 1. A supply curve tells us the quantity that a rm chooses to supply at any given price. 2. But a monopoly rm is a price maker the rm sets the price at the same time it chooses the quantity to supply. 3. The market demand curve tells us how much the monopolist will supply. A Monopoly’s Pro t Pro t = TR ; TC : Also, TR TC Pro t = ; Q Q or Pro t = (P ; ATC ) Q Q: The Welfare Cost of Monopoly The socially e cient quantity of output is found where the demand curve and the marginal cost curve intersect. This is where total surplus is maximized. Because the monopolist sets marginal revenue equal to marginal cost to determine its output level, it will produce less than the socially e cient quantity of output. Public Policies Toward Monopolies 1. Increasing Competition with Antitrust Laws. Antitrust laws are a collection of statutes that give the government the authority to control markets and promote competition. Antitrust laws allow the government to prevent mergers and break up large, dominating companies. (a) The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in 1890 to lower the market power of the large and powerful rusts† that were viewed as dominating the economy at that time. (b) The Clayton Act was passed in 1914 it strengthened the government’s ability to curb monopoly power and authorized private lawsuits. 2. Regulation. Regulation is often used when the government is dealing with a natural monopoly. Most often, regulation involves government limits on the price of the product. While we might believe that the government can eliminate the deadweight loss from monopoly by setting the monopolist’s price equal to its marginal cost, this is often di cult to do. (a) If the rm is a natural monopoly, its average total cost curve will be declining because of its economies of scale. (b) When average total cost is falling, marginal cost must be lower than average total cost. (c) Therefore, if the government sets price equal to marginal cost, the price will be below average total cost and the rm will earn a loss, causing the rm to eventually leave the market. (d) Therefore, governments may choose to set the price of the monopolist’s product equal to its average total cost. This gives the monopoly zero pro t, but assures that it will remain in the market. Note that there is still a deadweight loss in this situation because the level of output will be lower than the socially e cient level of output. 3. Public Ownership. Rather than regulating a monopoly run by a private rm, the government can run the monopoly itself. However, economists generally prefer private ownership of natural monopolies than public ownership. 4. Do Nothing. Sometimes the costs of government regulation outweigh the bene ts. Therefore, some economists believe that it is best for the government to leave monopolies alone. Question: Should the government break up Microsoft? Price Discrimination Price discrimination is the business practice of selling the same good at di erent prices to di erent customers. Perfect price discrimination describes a situation where a monopolist knows exactly the willingness to pay of each customer and can charge each customer a di erent price. Without price discrimination, a rm produces an output level that is lower than the socially e cient level. If a rm perfectly price discriminates, each customer who values the good at more than its marginal cost will purchase the good and be charged his or her willingness to pay. 1. There is no deadweight loss in this situation. 2. Because consumers pay a price exactly equal to their willingness to pay, all surplus in this market will be producer surplus. Examples of Price Discrimination: 1. Movie Tickets 2. Airline Prices 3. Discount Coupons 4. Financial Aid 5. Quantity Discounts.