Learning to Write Chinese Characters by Hand

Learning to write Chinese characters is one of the most difficult aspects of learning Mandarin Chinese. There are thousands of different characters, and the only way to learn them is by memorization and constant practice. In this digital age, it’s possible to use a computer to write Chinese characters, but learning how to write Chinese characters by hand is the best way to gain a thorough understanding of each character. Computer Input Anyone who knows Pinyin can use a computer to write Chinese characters. The problem with this is that pinyin spellings can represent many different characters. Unless you know exactly which character you need, you will likely make mistakes when using the computer to write Chinese characters. A good knowledge of Chinese characters is the only way to write Chinese correctly, and the best way to gain knowledge of Chinese characters is by learning to write them by hand. Radicals Chinese characters may seem incomprehensible to anyone who doesn’t know the language, but there is a method to constructing them. Each character is based on one of 214 radicals —  the basic elements of the Chinese writing system. Radicals form the building blocks of Chinese characters. Some radicals can be used as both building blocks and independent characters, but others are never used independently. Stroke Order All Chinese characters consist of strokes which should be written in a specific order. Learning the stroke order is an important part of learning to write Chinese characters. The number of strokes is used to classify Chinese characters in dictionaries, so an added benefit of learning strokes is being able to use Chinese dictionaries. The basic rules for stroke order are: left to right and top to bottomhorizontal before verticalhorizontal and vertical strokes which pass over other strokesdiagonals (right-to-left and then left-to-right)center verticals and then outside diagonalsoutside strokes before inside stokesleft verticals before enclosing strokesbottom enclosing strokesdots and minor strokes You can see an example of stroke order in the illustration at the top of this page. Learning Aids Workbooks designed for writing practice are widely available in Chinese-speaking countries, and you may be able to find them in cities with a large Chinese community. These workbooks usually illustrate a character with the proper stroke order and provide lined boxes for writing practice. They are intended for school children  but are useful for anyone learning to write Chinese characters. If you can’t find a practice book like this, you can download this Microsoft Word file and print it out. Books There a several books about writing Chinese characters. One of the better ones is Keys to Chinese Character Writing (English).

Improving Performance of the Work Team - 2053 Words

IMPROVING PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK TEAM 1.1 My company has defined expectations of Team Members which are given to each employee in the form of a job description backed up with a work contract signed by each employee when they join the company. These expectations include, a timekeeping policy which requires the individual to be at work at the stated shift start times and to contact the Team Leader within 30mins of that start time with any reasons why this can’t be achieved. This will allow the Team Leader time to call in help to keep production on target. Absenteeism and sickness are also closely monitored using a system called the Bradford Scale. This concentrates more on the number of occasions when an employee is off rather than the†¦show more content†¦If a team member is constantly late or sick this will also put the team under unplanned pressure to meet any set targets. A four man team with one man out sick is down 25% in man hours which usually means most targets will need to be adjusted or missed. This then has a knock on effect in the next department who will be only receiving 75% of the product that they were planning for, and that effect depending on the ability to catch up on lost hours may go all the way to a customer in the form of a late delivery of a promised order. This reflects badly on customer relations and could at worse mean lost or cancelled future orders. Also a team member who does not put enough effort into their work can cause ill feeling and conflict in the team possibly leading to arguments and low team moral. This will have a drastic effect on the capabilities of the team sometimes causing other team members to reduce their efforts also. Underperformance of team members is a serious issue in a target driven environment and needs to be taken seriously by team leaders. It may be the case that outside of work influences are causing a team member to under perform so a friendly chat and understanding approach may be all that’s needed to encourage the team member to improve. Team members who perform above expectations can also boost the performance of a team in a positive way. These team members can motivate others to increase there efforts also. This results inShow MoreRelatedManagement And Team Skills ( Ilm ) : Improving Performance Of The Work Team1584 Words   |  7 PagesLEVEL 2 CERTIFICATE IN LEADERSHIP AND TEAM SKILLS (ILM) IMPROVING PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK TEAM UNDERSTAND THE ORGANISATION’S REQUIREMENTS IN RELEATION TO TEAM PERFORMANCE 1. The organisation’s requirements of the team include following the many different company policies. Team member’s need to follow the company’s standards of procedure. For example everyone should set up a table in the restaurant in the same way as each other, in the way that we have been told to do so. They also need to followRead MoreRob Parson Case Study1733 Words   |  7 PagesManagement of People at Work Rob Parson Case Study 1 Case Overview The internal environment at Morgan Stanley was one of teamwork, employee development, dignity and respect. Morgan Stanley had developed a way of building consensus rather that individualism. Rob Parson was thrust into this environment – not sure of what was expected of him and with only one objective in mind – improving the performance of the Capital Markets division. He went about doing this ruthlessly without much care aboutRead MoreTeam Development Process And Steps1596 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Effective Team and Performance Management Table of Contents Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Task 1 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 4 Task 2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 5 Task 3 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 6 Task 4 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 8 Conclusions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Reference list †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Abstract The following pages focus on presenting the performance of teams and some ofRead MoreRob Parson Management Case Study Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pagesconsensus rather that individualism. Rob Parson was thrust into this environment – not sure of what was expected of him and with only one objective in mind – improving the performance of the Capital Markets division. He went about doing this ruthlessly without much care about the organization and its existing practices. While his performance was stellar, he developed a hostile environment around him. On joining there was a tacit agreement with him and his boss that he would be given the position ofRead MoreImproving Leadership Effectiveness And Characteristics Of An Empowered Workplace1393 Words   |  6 PagesImproving Leadership Effectiveness In this paper, the reader will learn about improving leadership effectiveness. Principles and characteristics of an empowered workplace, importance of communication, high performance in the workplace, team concepts and member roles, problem solving styles, and the stages in the life of a group will be discussed as well as applied to the case study The Chattanooga Ice Cream Division. 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Thorough open and honest communication, I am able to promote mutual trust between subordinates and supervisors. When working with my team, I always encourage the team to work towards the vision of the organization. Self-assessment To understand my leadership abilities better, I applied Hill’s and Lineback’s (2011) self-assessmentRead MoreManagement Department At Baylor Medical Center1506 Words   |  7 Pagessatisfaction. So the leaders and managers are setting up plans for the improvements to the customer service in the emergency room. Baylor customer services need to improve performance by using the patient satisfaction surveys to ensure the patient’s continuing interacting with the hospital. Baylor Medical Center managers will focus on improving quality services by using a different quality improvement plans and strategies. Management Department at Baylor Medical Center will select tools that help improvementsRead MoreSelf Improvement Within A Group1129 Words   |  5 Pagesbe accomplished by improving organization and time management skills; along with being well rounded in many facets. Understanding that enhancing a group’s performance can always be done will, only better th e outcome of their products. Self-improvement tools are helpful and often only save time in the long run. It is often overlooked because it is time consuming and seems extraneous. To run a business sometimes takes meticulous skills, therefore making it important to always work to improve the talentsRead MoreImproving the Performance of Quality Improvement Teams Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesImproving the Performance of Quality Improvement Teams Introduction Within every company there is a customer, regardless of what your line of business is it is being done for the consumer albeit an external consumer or the internal consumer. The customer’s needs and expectations should be the driving force behind the decisions we make and the problems we solve†¦the customer, not our own personal or monetary gain. As quality improves we have to make sure that we are improving what matters to our

Effectiveness of Nonpharmacological Interventions for the Management

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness of Nonpharmacological Interventions for the Management? Answer: Identification of the themes In a research carried out by KayeErvin and colleagues carried out a broad research on the barriers which are important to manage the psychological and behavioral symptoms regarding dementia. This particular study was carried out from the perception of the staffs of the medical facilities. In a study related to such behavior and prospective of the relatives and staffs, carried out by Duxbury and his colleagues regarding the relatives and staffs perspective regarding the aggression during the period of dementia at care units are needed to be seriously researched In a study by Liat Ayalan and colleagues have suggested that the general pharmacological interventions for the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms and for the treatment sometimes increase the risk of death of the patients They also suggested that these drugs are comparatively more risky for the treatment of older adults. In their study, they reviewed psyc-INFO, relevant published bibliographies, Cochrane library and MEDLINE along with the guidelines of American Psychological Association. In a research article by Ann Kolanowski and colleagues, the main purpose of the research was to provide the people with a strong evidence base that it will indicate that the cultural change in the medical facilities and nursing homes can provide an impact in case treatment of dementia. Like other researchers, they also conducted the study through the implementation of a focus group study In a study carried out by Jiska and colleagues, a broader comparison was made between the physicians, nurse practitioners and psychologists. This study can be considered to be one of the most important one as it differentiates the role of different medical intervention providers. The main aspect of the study is the different background and training of the personnel who treat the behavioral issues or problems in residents. In a study carried out by Farooq Khan and Martin Curtice rgarding the same topic suggested that the self reported knowledge regarding the common mental health problems and the dementia has increased in facilities such as care home staff at the very end of this particular project by a margin of seven percent and eleven percent respectively. A study regarding this topic was carried out by Audyery Deudon and colleagues. The article was mainly focused on the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia also known as BPSD and the effectiveness of the staff education intervention in order to manage BPSD in the older people who are suffering from dementia. A study carried out by Jiska and Barbara regarding the knowledge of the nursing home physician and their attitudes help to collect more knowledge regarding this particular aspect. They suggested that the frequency at which the behavioral problems regarding dementia were attributed to the psychological and environmental causes only suggest that there are a large number of cases where non pharmacological interventions could be and should be implemented. In another article by Kristie and her colleagues, factors regarding which the success of the management program can be promoted is broadly discussed.; the authors suggested that use of multiple non pharmacological interventions are often associated with the likelihood of the success of the management program. In an article by Hazelhof and colleague, the author suggested that educating the nursing staffs effectively play a vital role. In some cases it is observed that the right intervention or techniques is often not used at the right time. In an article by Ervin and his colleagues, it is observed that in many facilities, the staffs taking care of the patients possess a sound knowledge of the possible underlying causes regarding the BPSD. But in many cases it is also observed that the poor ability to understand the effective methods for the management and the resources available to them. Critical analysis of themes In order to complete any sort of literature review, it is very important to critically analyze the entire selected article and their themes for the better understanding of the subject and matter as well. From all the articles mentioned earlier, it can be stated that the important themes which are highlighted are the residential facilities for the aged persons are nowadays increased the usage of pharmacological interventions to manage the BPSD events such as antipsychotics. Though there is a very little amount of scientific proof that these pharmacological are effective, irrespective of these fact, the facilities are using such interventions. Another aspect on which the author emphasized is that the different non pharmacological approaches for the management of these behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia which is also known as BPSD. From this particular study it can be noted that there are several residential aged care facilities which do not favor such non pharmacological interventions irrespective of their effectiveness. Through the different case studies regarding dementia, one phenomenon which should be highlighted and kept in mind is the aggressive nature and behavior of the older people at the time of suffering from dementia. In terms of this particular aspect there is the phenomenon or incidents where the behavior of the staffs and relative with respect to these situations also changes. In a study related to such behavior and prospective of the relatives and staffs, carried out by Duxbury and his colleagues regarding the relatives and staffs perspective regarding the aggression during the period of dementia at care units are needed to be seriously researched. In these studies, they have interviewed various nursing staffs and relatives of the patients in the different care homes of the United Kingdom. Through the usage of a combine approach of one to one interview procedure, and different focus groups, the authors explored the views of the each individual. Implementing a thematic analysis they found that the views of both the staffs and the relatives can be categorized in two different categories. As a result they figured out that non pharmacological interventions such as can reduce the behavioral problems significantly in comparison with the pharmacological intervention. They also concluded that, the cumulative research till date regarding the effects of non pharmacological intervention for purpose of treating neuropsychiatric symptoms or NPS among the patients suffering from dementia indicated that intervention which addresses behavioral issues along with unmet needs, bright light therapy can be more effective than the conventional pharmacological methods. They also concluded that, in order to be sure regarding such proposals, a further broad amount of study is needed on this particular topic (Ayalon et al. 2006). That changing landscape, behaviors of the residents, reaching out to the patient of dementia along with dif ferent educational aspects for the proper training of the nursing home staffs are also needed and may play a vital role. They concluded that the successful usage of non pharmacological intervention requires the right amount of skilled and trained staffs to yield the best positive outcome from the intervention. If the staffs are not well enough trained and the vulnerability of the framework of the entire intervention model will be exploited and this entire situation will do no good for the patient. One which should be also kept in mind with respect to this particular context is the, the effect change in the facilities like nursing home, implementation of staff patterns which can allow the staffs to make a difference with the help of BPSD and development of an effective educational program can play an important role (Kolanowski et al. 2010). The amount of reported confidence in the management of the behavioral problems has increased about nine percent among the care home staffs at the end of their final project. They carried out regular monitoring during the time of project regarding the psychotropic medications as well. The article also provided some vital guidelines regarding the non pharmacological interventions for the management of BPSD. It also included different relaxation techniques, needs led therapy, reminiscence work, reality orientation programs, music therapy, distraction techniques etc (Khan and Curtice 2011). at the end of it, physical restraints should be categorized as the last resort. In many cases, the patients are often restrained for the completion of the intervention. They suggested that it is not a good practice and in most of the cases such actions should be avoided. They also suggested that large physical aggression in both men and women are often suspected to be psychiatric comorbidity which are often difficult to manage. In such cases family involvement and their support play an important role and in certain cases they should be used a s well for the betterment of the patient (Hazelhof et al. 2014). As a result the outcome of the intervention is not as desired and the situation of the patient also does not get better. For overcoming such phenomenon, the authors of this particular article suggested that proper training and education to the nurses is the most vital aspect in case treating the patients of dementia with no pharmacological intervention (Ervin et al. 2012). Discussion and knowledge/research gap identified From all the above mentioned articles and their research themes, it can be stated that all of them emphasized on the fact that there is a huge need of non pharmacological interventions for the treatment purposes of BPSD. Along with all these aspects, another thing which is highlighted is that there is also a lack of knowledge among the medical staffs and care providers regarding the non pharmacological interventions. Another aspect which is also mentioned with respect to the current scenario is that there is lack of execution capability among the staffs as well. Adding to this it can be also stated that there are some evidenced found from the research articles that non pharmacological interventions are actually more effective than conventional pharmacological intervention. It is also observed that the conventional pharmacological drugs which are used to treat in the normal BPSD patient treatment possess a great amount of threat regarding the side effects. Along with all of these posi tive aspects, there are some negative aspects of all the articles mentioned above. Another thing which is needed to be addressed is that from this article it can be said that the management of the interventions are important so as the role and mindset of the nurses and family relatives as well. All of these articles have suggested that the non pharmacological interventions are more helpful and applicable in case of treating the patients suffering from BPSD. But they have not been able to suggest proper guidelines and structure to apply non pharmacological methods and monitoring procedures as well. Along with this another thing which should be mentioned is that they did not provide any evaluation processes as well. As a result, the only outcomes of the above mentioned articles can be pointed out as, Non pharmacological interventions should be applied in case of treating patients suffering from BPSD Most of the drugs which are used to treat people suffering from BPSD are causing severe side effects Most of the medical staffs and care givers such as nurses either have lack of knowledge or lack of execution power in order to apply non pharmacological procedures The articles hav not provided any such guidelines or protocols which are needed to be followed for implementing non pharmacological interventions Articles are unable to suggest any new and effective non pharmacological interventions. Conclusion In recent times, dementia has been considered to be one of the major diseases which cause memory loss and hamper the daily life of an individual. In order to overcome this situation the main aspect is needed to be identification of the behavioral changes and different physiological symptoms regarding dementia. Another aspect which is needed to be considered is that the relatives of patient should play an important and supportive role to the patient as the disease can demoralize the patient. As a result the support coming from the medical staffs also play an important in order to provide hope to the patient. There are several forms of intervention for the purpose o remedy of dementia. These forms can be categorized into pharmacological intervention and non pharmacological intervention. In recent times, maximum medical experts are emphasizing on the use of non pharmacological intervention in comparison with the pharmacological intervention. The main reason behind such choice is that it is both effective and does not cause any side effects to the patient. One of the major reasons for fascinating this method of medical intervention is that it emphasizes on the cognitive behavioral method. This is considered to be one of the most effective non pharmacological interventions for the treatment of the patients suffering from dementia. The purpose of this literature review is to highlight the aspects of above mentioned factors with respect to the findings of different scientists into their journals or research articles (Ervin et al. 2014). From all these aspects and information, it can be said that the training and the education of the staffs that are associated in the nursing homes and other care facility for the purpose of providing care to the patients who are old and suffering from dementia is needed. Another aspect which is highlighted through all these studies is that the family and relatives of the patients should also be supportive to the non pharmacological inte rvention. Non pharmacological interventions are still now considered to be effective than the pharmacological intervention and has a broader aspect in the treatment process as well. References Ayalon, L., Gum, A.M., Feliciano, L. and Aren, P.A., 2006. Effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions for the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia: a systematic review.Archives of internal medicine,166(20), pp.2182-2188. Cohen-Mansfield, J. and Jensen, B., 2008. Nursing home physicians' knowledge of and attitudes toward nonpharmacological interventions for treatment of behavioral disturbances associated with dementia.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association,9(7), pp.491-498. Cohen-Mansfield, J., Jensen, B., Resnick, B. and Norris, M., 2012. Knowledge of and attitudes toward nonpharmacological interventions for treatment of behavior symptoms associated with dementia: a comparison of physicians, psychologists, and nurse practitioners.The Gerontologist,52(1), pp.34-45. Deudon, A., Maubourguet, N., Gervais, X., Leone, E., Brocker, P., Carcaillon, L., Riff, S., Lavallart, B. and Robert, P.H., 2009. Non pharmacological management of behavioural symptoms in nursing homes.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,24(12), pp.1386-1395. Deudon, A., Maubourguet, N., Gervais, X., Leone, E., Brocker, P., Carcaillon, L., Riff, S., Lavallart, B. and Robert, P.H., 2009. Non pharmacological management of behavioural symptoms in nursing homes.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,24(12), pp.1386-1395. Duxbury, J., Pulsford, D., Hadi, M. and Sykes, S., 2013. Staff and relatives' perspectives on the aggressive behaviour of older people with dementia in residential care: a qualitative study.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,20(9), pp.792-800. Ervin, K., Cross, M. and Koschel, A., 2014. Barriers to managing behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: Staff perceptions.Collegian,21(3), pp.201-207. Ervin, K., Finlayson, S. and Cross, M., 2012. The management of behavioural problems associated with dementia in rural aged care.Collegian,19(2), pp.85-95. Foley, K.L., Sudha, S., Sloane, P.D. and Gold, D.T., 2003. Staff perceptions of successful management of severe behavioral problems in dementia special care units.Dementia,2(1), pp.105-124. Hazelhof, T.J., Gerritsen, D.L., Schoonhoven, L. and Koopmans, R.T., 2014. The educating nursing staff effectively (TENSE) study: design of a cluster randomized controlled trial.BMC nursing,13(1), p.1. Khan, F. and Curtice, M., 2011. Non-pharmacological management of behavioural symptoms of dementia.British journal of community nursing,16(9). Kolanowski, A., Fick, D., Frazer, C. and Penrod, J., 2010. It's about time: use of nonpharmacological interventions in the nursing home.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,42(2), pp.214-222.

Neural Stem Cells, Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy and Restriction Enzymes

Neural Stem Cells The nervous system is comprised of specialized type of cells called Neural Stem Cells (NSCs). These cells undergo differentiation and proliferation resulting to a mass of undifferentiated cells. This progeny then undergoes differentiation into the many cells of the nervous system. From neural stem cells, cell of central nervous system such as astrocytes, neurons, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes are formed.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Neural Stem Cells, Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy and Restriction Enzymes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Developmental versatility of plasticity of neural stem cells is important in formation of these different neural cells. A NSC can either be embryonic stem cell of adult stem cell. Embryonic stem cells are fully versatile and can form any cell type. On the other hand, adult stem cells have no versatility to form any cell type but replace multipotent cells when they wear out or die. In this regard, embryonic stem cells can either be totipotent, pluripotent or multipotent. Totipotent stem cells are the most potent cells and can therefore give rise to any type of body cell. Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to body tissues but lack full potency to give rise to any cell type. Multipotent stem cells are the least plastic cells and can only form certain cell types. Neural cell division (neurogenesis) is an important process in brain development but it needs to be regulated during adulthood development. The best understood neural cell differentiation pathways are sparked by growth factors. Certain set of growth factors are optimal for development of certain stages of neural stem cells. For instance, fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are selective for development of early neural stem cells. This means that in absence of FGF, there occurs a significant reduction in the number stem cell divisions. For the purposes of studies, multipote nt stem cells can be isolated from brain tissue or embryonic stem cells. This can be achieved through co-culture of embryonic stem cells in stroma or conditioned medium. These cells can then be preserved for use in studies together with other cell type-models. These cells and models have enhanced the understanding of the processes involved during brain development. Stem cell isolation from embryonic cells in central nervous system and in periphery nervous system is achieved through direct means. A neural puncture is usually made and the cells cultured in medium. Apart from stem cell isolation from brain, other regions (hippocampus and ventricular zone) can be used during isolation of adult stem cell. Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy Gene therapy refers to a medical application of genetics where genetic transformations are utilized in therapeutic functions. This field has objectively transformed medical fields especially in treatment of chronic disease which are hard to cure by use of c hemotherapy e.g. cancer.Advertising Looking for assessment on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This exercise requires transfer of target genes into target cells of the patient. In so doing, a transfer agent called a vector is important. Viruses have lately been found useful as vectors. A good example of a virus that has been used in gene therapy is Adenovirus. It has been found out that this genus of viruses have a good profile to transfer target genes to target cell. They have been used substantially in cancer gene therapy and in biomedicine. Replication-defective adenovirus has extensively been used as a vector to transfer transgenes to targeted cancerous cells and tumors. On the other hand, oncolytic adenoviruses which have capacity to replicate have been used to kill or transfer therapeutic genes to infected target cells. Viral vectors have been developed through altering the viral genome making its expression impo ssible. For instance alteration of E1A gene of Adenovirus genome led to a replication-defective strain. E1A gene is important in ensuring that viral genome is expressed and therefore it can induce its multiplication of host cell. Replication-competent adenoviruses are made by integrating a therapeutic gene in their genome. Restriction Enzymes Restriction enzymes are an important part in many genetic applications. They enable genome excision by recognizing specific recognition sites along a genetic strand. Excision is important as it allows formation of recombinant genetic strands. A major source of restriction enzymes is bacteria. Bearing in mind that bacterial genetic material has similar properties to any other genetic material; one may wonder why their DNA remains intact in presence of restriction enzymes. This is possible because restriction enzymes have a way of differentiating between self DNA and non-self DNA. This is possible because Bacterial DNA has other groups attached t o their nucleotide sequences. These may be methyl group and/or carbohydrates. Restriction enzymes were discovered way back in 1952. Their mode of functioning was however not well known until 1960 when Wemer Arber presented his findings with the help of Dussoix at the First International Biophysics Congress. Their research was accompanied by two theories that there was an enzyme in host bacterial cell that cuts its DNA at specific sequences and that host DNA was unaffected due to the presence of methylase. The research earned them the Plantamour-Prevost prize. Restriction enzyme was first isolated in Escherichia coli by Meselson and Yuan. The enzyme was essentially seen to offer protection of the DNA from the viral DNA which would infect the cells.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Neural Stem Cells, Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy and Restriction Enzymes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This assessment on Neural Stem Cells, Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy and Restriction Enzymes was written and submitted by user Chaim Foreman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.