Effectiveness of Nonpharmacological Interventions for the Management

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness of Nonpharmacological Interventions for the Management? Answer: Identification of the themes In a research carried out by KayeErvin and colleagues carried out a broad research on the barriers which are important to manage the psychological and behavioral symptoms regarding dementia. This particular study was carried out from the perception of the staffs of the medical facilities. In a study related to such behavior and prospective of the relatives and staffs, carried out by Duxbury and his colleagues regarding the relatives and staffs perspective regarding the aggression during the period of dementia at care units are needed to be seriously researched In a study by Liat Ayalan and colleagues have suggested that the general pharmacological interventions for the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms and for the treatment sometimes increase the risk of death of the patients They also suggested that these drugs are comparatively more risky for the treatment of older adults. In their study, they reviewed psyc-INFO, relevant published bibliographies, Cochrane library and MEDLINE along with the guidelines of American Psychological Association. In a research article by Ann Kolanowski and colleagues, the main purpose of the research was to provide the people with a strong evidence base that it will indicate that the cultural change in the medical facilities and nursing homes can provide an impact in case treatment of dementia. Like other researchers, they also conducted the study through the implementation of a focus group study In a study carried out by Jiska and colleagues, a broader comparison was made between the physicians, nurse practitioners and psychologists. This study can be considered to be one of the most important one as it differentiates the role of different medical intervention providers. The main aspect of the study is the different background and training of the personnel who treat the behavioral issues or problems in residents. In a study carried out by Farooq Khan and Martin Curtice rgarding the same topic suggested that the self reported knowledge regarding the common mental health problems and the dementia has increased in facilities such as care home staff at the very end of this particular project by a margin of seven percent and eleven percent respectively. A study regarding this topic was carried out by Audyery Deudon and colleagues. The article was mainly focused on the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia also known as BPSD and the effectiveness of the staff education intervention in order to manage BPSD in the older people who are suffering from dementia. A study carried out by Jiska and Barbara regarding the knowledge of the nursing home physician and their attitudes help to collect more knowledge regarding this particular aspect. They suggested that the frequency at which the behavioral problems regarding dementia were attributed to the psychological and environmental causes only suggest that there are a large number of cases where non pharmacological interventions could be and should be implemented. In another article by Kristie and her colleagues, factors regarding which the success of the management program can be promoted is broadly discussed.; the authors suggested that use of multiple non pharmacological interventions are often associated with the likelihood of the success of the management program. In an article by Hazelhof and colleague, the author suggested that educating the nursing staffs effectively play a vital role. In some cases it is observed that the right intervention or techniques is often not used at the right time. In an article by Ervin and his colleagues, it is observed that in many facilities, the staffs taking care of the patients possess a sound knowledge of the possible underlying causes regarding the BPSD. But in many cases it is also observed that the poor ability to understand the effective methods for the management and the resources available to them. Critical analysis of themes In order to complete any sort of literature review, it is very important to critically analyze the entire selected article and their themes for the better understanding of the subject and matter as well. From all the articles mentioned earlier, it can be stated that the important themes which are highlighted are the residential facilities for the aged persons are nowadays increased the usage of pharmacological interventions to manage the BPSD events such as antipsychotics. Though there is a very little amount of scientific proof that these pharmacological are effective, irrespective of these fact, the facilities are using such interventions. Another aspect on which the author emphasized is that the different non pharmacological approaches for the management of these behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia which is also known as BPSD. From this particular study it can be noted that there are several residential aged care facilities which do not favor such non pharmacological interventions irrespective of their effectiveness. Through the different case studies regarding dementia, one phenomenon which should be highlighted and kept in mind is the aggressive nature and behavior of the older people at the time of suffering from dementia. In terms of this particular aspect there is the phenomenon or incidents where the behavior of the staffs and relative with respect to these situations also changes. In a study related to such behavior and prospective of the relatives and staffs, carried out by Duxbury and his colleagues regarding the relatives and staffs perspective regarding the aggression during the period of dementia at care units are needed to be seriously researched. In these studies, they have interviewed various nursing staffs and relatives of the patients in the different care homes of the United Kingdom. Through the usage of a combine approach of one to one interview procedure, and different focus groups, the authors explored the views of the each individual. Implementing a thematic analysis they found that the views of both the staffs and the relatives can be categorized in two different categories. As a result they figured out that non pharmacological interventions such as can reduce the behavioral problems significantly in comparison with the pharmacological intervention. They also concluded that, the cumulative research till date regarding the effects of non pharmacological intervention for purpose of treating neuropsychiatric symptoms or NPS among the patients suffering from dementia indicated that intervention which addresses behavioral issues along with unmet needs, bright light therapy can be more effective than the conventional pharmacological methods. They also concluded that, in order to be sure regarding such proposals, a further broad amount of study is needed on this particular topic (Ayalon et al. 2006). That changing landscape, behaviors of the residents, reaching out to the patient of dementia along with dif ferent educational aspects for the proper training of the nursing home staffs are also needed and may play a vital role. They concluded that the successful usage of non pharmacological intervention requires the right amount of skilled and trained staffs to yield the best positive outcome from the intervention. If the staffs are not well enough trained and the vulnerability of the framework of the entire intervention model will be exploited and this entire situation will do no good for the patient. One which should be also kept in mind with respect to this particular context is the, the effect change in the facilities like nursing home, implementation of staff patterns which can allow the staffs to make a difference with the help of BPSD and development of an effective educational program can play an important role (Kolanowski et al. 2010). The amount of reported confidence in the management of the behavioral problems has increased about nine percent among the care home staffs at the end of their final project. They carried out regular monitoring during the time of project regarding the psychotropic medications as well. The article also provided some vital guidelines regarding the non pharmacological interventions for the management of BPSD. It also included different relaxation techniques, needs led therapy, reminiscence work, reality orientation programs, music therapy, distraction techniques etc (Khan and Curtice 2011). at the end of it, physical restraints should be categorized as the last resort. In many cases, the patients are often restrained for the completion of the intervention. They suggested that it is not a good practice and in most of the cases such actions should be avoided. They also suggested that large physical aggression in both men and women are often suspected to be psychiatric comorbidity which are often difficult to manage. In such cases family involvement and their support play an important role and in certain cases they should be used a s well for the betterment of the patient (Hazelhof et al. 2014). As a result the outcome of the intervention is not as desired and the situation of the patient also does not get better. For overcoming such phenomenon, the authors of this particular article suggested that proper training and education to the nurses is the most vital aspect in case treating the patients of dementia with no pharmacological intervention (Ervin et al. 2012). Discussion and knowledge/research gap identified From all the above mentioned articles and their research themes, it can be stated that all of them emphasized on the fact that there is a huge need of non pharmacological interventions for the treatment purposes of BPSD. Along with all these aspects, another thing which is highlighted is that there is also a lack of knowledge among the medical staffs and care providers regarding the non pharmacological interventions. Another aspect which is also mentioned with respect to the current scenario is that there is lack of execution capability among the staffs as well. Adding to this it can be also stated that there are some evidenced found from the research articles that non pharmacological interventions are actually more effective than conventional pharmacological intervention. It is also observed that the conventional pharmacological drugs which are used to treat in the normal BPSD patient treatment possess a great amount of threat regarding the side effects. Along with all of these posi tive aspects, there are some negative aspects of all the articles mentioned above. Another thing which is needed to be addressed is that from this article it can be said that the management of the interventions are important so as the role and mindset of the nurses and family relatives as well. All of these articles have suggested that the non pharmacological interventions are more helpful and applicable in case of treating the patients suffering from BPSD. But they have not been able to suggest proper guidelines and structure to apply non pharmacological methods and monitoring procedures as well. Along with this another thing which should be mentioned is that they did not provide any evaluation processes as well. As a result, the only outcomes of the above mentioned articles can be pointed out as, Non pharmacological interventions should be applied in case of treating patients suffering from BPSD Most of the drugs which are used to treat people suffering from BPSD are causing severe side effects Most of the medical staffs and care givers such as nurses either have lack of knowledge or lack of execution power in order to apply non pharmacological procedures The articles hav not provided any such guidelines or protocols which are needed to be followed for implementing non pharmacological interventions Articles are unable to suggest any new and effective non pharmacological interventions. Conclusion In recent times, dementia has been considered to be one of the major diseases which cause memory loss and hamper the daily life of an individual. In order to overcome this situation the main aspect is needed to be identification of the behavioral changes and different physiological symptoms regarding dementia. Another aspect which is needed to be considered is that the relatives of patient should play an important and supportive role to the patient as the disease can demoralize the patient. As a result the support coming from the medical staffs also play an important in order to provide hope to the patient. There are several forms of intervention for the purpose o remedy of dementia. These forms can be categorized into pharmacological intervention and non pharmacological intervention. In recent times, maximum medical experts are emphasizing on the use of non pharmacological intervention in comparison with the pharmacological intervention. The main reason behind such choice is that it is both effective and does not cause any side effects to the patient. One of the major reasons for fascinating this method of medical intervention is that it emphasizes on the cognitive behavioral method. This is considered to be one of the most effective non pharmacological interventions for the treatment of the patients suffering from dementia. The purpose of this literature review is to highlight the aspects of above mentioned factors with respect to the findings of different scientists into their journals or research articles (Ervin et al. 2014). From all these aspects and information, it can be said that the training and the education of the staffs that are associated in the nursing homes and other care facility for the purpose of providing care to the patients who are old and suffering from dementia is needed. Another aspect which is highlighted through all these studies is that the family and relatives of the patients should also be supportive to the non pharmacological inte rvention. Non pharmacological interventions are still now considered to be effective than the pharmacological intervention and has a broader aspect in the treatment process as well. References Ayalon, L., Gum, A.M., Feliciano, L. and Aren, P.A., 2006. Effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions for the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia: a systematic review.Archives of internal medicine,166(20), pp.2182-2188. Cohen-Mansfield, J. and Jensen, B., 2008. Nursing home physicians' knowledge of and attitudes toward nonpharmacological interventions for treatment of behavioral disturbances associated with dementia.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association,9(7), pp.491-498. Cohen-Mansfield, J., Jensen, B., Resnick, B. and Norris, M., 2012. Knowledge of and attitudes toward nonpharmacological interventions for treatment of behavior symptoms associated with dementia: a comparison of physicians, psychologists, and nurse practitioners.The Gerontologist,52(1), pp.34-45. Deudon, A., Maubourguet, N., Gervais, X., Leone, E., Brocker, P., Carcaillon, L., Riff, S., Lavallart, B. and Robert, P.H., 2009. Non pharmacological management of behavioural symptoms in nursing homes.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,24(12), pp.1386-1395. Deudon, A., Maubourguet, N., Gervais, X., Leone, E., Brocker, P., Carcaillon, L., Riff, S., Lavallart, B. and Robert, P.H., 2009. Non pharmacological management of behavioural symptoms in nursing homes.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,24(12), pp.1386-1395. Duxbury, J., Pulsford, D., Hadi, M. and Sykes, S., 2013. Staff and relatives' perspectives on the aggressive behaviour of older people with dementia in residential care: a qualitative study.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,20(9), pp.792-800. Ervin, K., Cross, M. and Koschel, A., 2014. Barriers to managing behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: Staff perceptions.Collegian,21(3), pp.201-207. Ervin, K., Finlayson, S. and Cross, M., 2012. The management of behavioural problems associated with dementia in rural aged care.Collegian,19(2), pp.85-95. Foley, K.L., Sudha, S., Sloane, P.D. and Gold, D.T., 2003. Staff perceptions of successful management of severe behavioral problems in dementia special care units.Dementia,2(1), pp.105-124. Hazelhof, T.J., Gerritsen, D.L., Schoonhoven, L. and Koopmans, R.T., 2014. The educating nursing staff effectively (TENSE) study: design of a cluster randomized controlled trial.BMC nursing,13(1), p.1. Khan, F. and Curtice, M., 2011. Non-pharmacological management of behavioural symptoms of dementia.British journal of community nursing,16(9). Kolanowski, A., Fick, D., Frazer, C. and Penrod, J., 2010. It's about time: use of nonpharmacological interventions in the nursing home.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,42(2), pp.214-222.

Neural Stem Cells, Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy and Restriction Enzymes

Neural Stem Cells The nervous system is comprised of specialized type of cells called Neural Stem Cells (NSCs). These cells undergo differentiation and proliferation resulting to a mass of undifferentiated cells. This progeny then undergoes differentiation into the many cells of the nervous system. From neural stem cells, cell of central nervous system such as astrocytes, neurons, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes are formed.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Neural Stem Cells, Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy and Restriction Enzymes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Developmental versatility of plasticity of neural stem cells is important in formation of these different neural cells. A NSC can either be embryonic stem cell of adult stem cell. Embryonic stem cells are fully versatile and can form any cell type. On the other hand, adult stem cells have no versatility to form any cell type but replace multipotent cells when they wear out or die. In this regard, embryonic stem cells can either be totipotent, pluripotent or multipotent. Totipotent stem cells are the most potent cells and can therefore give rise to any type of body cell. Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to body tissues but lack full potency to give rise to any cell type. Multipotent stem cells are the least plastic cells and can only form certain cell types. Neural cell division (neurogenesis) is an important process in brain development but it needs to be regulated during adulthood development. The best understood neural cell differentiation pathways are sparked by growth factors. Certain set of growth factors are optimal for development of certain stages of neural stem cells. For instance, fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are selective for development of early neural stem cells. This means that in absence of FGF, there occurs a significant reduction in the number stem cell divisions. For the purposes of studies, multipote nt stem cells can be isolated from brain tissue or embryonic stem cells. This can be achieved through co-culture of embryonic stem cells in stroma or conditioned medium. These cells can then be preserved for use in studies together with other cell type-models. These cells and models have enhanced the understanding of the processes involved during brain development. Stem cell isolation from embryonic cells in central nervous system and in periphery nervous system is achieved through direct means. A neural puncture is usually made and the cells cultured in medium. Apart from stem cell isolation from brain, other regions (hippocampus and ventricular zone) can be used during isolation of adult stem cell. Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy Gene therapy refers to a medical application of genetics where genetic transformations are utilized in therapeutic functions. This field has objectively transformed medical fields especially in treatment of chronic disease which are hard to cure by use of c hemotherapy e.g. cancer.Advertising Looking for assessment on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This exercise requires transfer of target genes into target cells of the patient. In so doing, a transfer agent called a vector is important. Viruses have lately been found useful as vectors. A good example of a virus that has been used in gene therapy is Adenovirus. It has been found out that this genus of viruses have a good profile to transfer target genes to target cell. They have been used substantially in cancer gene therapy and in biomedicine. Replication-defective adenovirus has extensively been used as a vector to transfer transgenes to targeted cancerous cells and tumors. On the other hand, oncolytic adenoviruses which have capacity to replicate have been used to kill or transfer therapeutic genes to infected target cells. Viral vectors have been developed through altering the viral genome making its expression impo ssible. For instance alteration of E1A gene of Adenovirus genome led to a replication-defective strain. E1A gene is important in ensuring that viral genome is expressed and therefore it can induce its multiplication of host cell. Replication-competent adenoviruses are made by integrating a therapeutic gene in their genome. Restriction Enzymes Restriction enzymes are an important part in many genetic applications. They enable genome excision by recognizing specific recognition sites along a genetic strand. Excision is important as it allows formation of recombinant genetic strands. A major source of restriction enzymes is bacteria. Bearing in mind that bacterial genetic material has similar properties to any other genetic material; one may wonder why their DNA remains intact in presence of restriction enzymes. This is possible because restriction enzymes have a way of differentiating between self DNA and non-self DNA. This is possible because Bacterial DNA has other groups attached t o their nucleotide sequences. These may be methyl group and/or carbohydrates. Restriction enzymes were discovered way back in 1952. Their mode of functioning was however not well known until 1960 when Wemer Arber presented his findings with the help of Dussoix at the First International Biophysics Congress. Their research was accompanied by two theories that there was an enzyme in host bacterial cell that cuts its DNA at specific sequences and that host DNA was unaffected due to the presence of methylase. The research earned them the Plantamour-Prevost prize. Restriction enzyme was first isolated in Escherichia coli by Meselson and Yuan. The enzyme was essentially seen to offer protection of the DNA from the viral DNA which would infect the cells.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Neural Stem Cells, Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy and Restriction Enzymes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This assessment on Neural Stem Cells, Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy and Restriction Enzymes was written and submitted by user Chaim Foreman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Exports Of Columbia, South America

On March 1, 1996 and again on February 28, 1997, President Clinton made the decision not to certify Colombia as fully cooperating with the U.S. or taking adequate steps on its own to meet the objectives of the 1988 UN Convention on drugs. The U.S. concluded that there was a lack of effort at the top levels of Colombia's government to push for legislative and judicial reforms to strengthen Colombian government institutions' ability to fight narco-trafficking. Under the certification legislation, the U.S. Government was required to halt non-humanitarian and non-counternarcotics aid to Colombia and to vote against loans to Colombia by certain multilateral development banks. U.S. law provides for the discretionary imposition of economic sanctions, which were not imposed. On February 26, 1998, the President determined that the vital national interests of the United States require that U.S. assistance to Colombia be provided to meet the increasing challenges posed to counternarcotics efforts in Colombia. The President thus granted Colombia a national interests certification, which waives the restrictions of decertification and allows for broader U.S. engagement with Colombia in the fight against illegal narcotics. Colombia, along with other drug producing and drug transit countries, will be reviewed for counter-narcotics performance again at by March 1, 1999 and each successive year.... Free Essays on Exports Of Columbia, South America Free Essays on Exports Of Columbia, South America On March 1, 1996 and again on February 28, 1997, President Clinton made the decision not to certify Colombia as fully cooperating with the U.S. or taking adequate steps on its own to meet the objectives of the 1988 UN Convention on drugs. The U.S. concluded that there was a lack of effort at the top levels of Colombia's government to push for legislative and judicial reforms to strengthen Colombian government institutions' ability to fight narco-trafficking. Under the certification legislation, the U.S. Government was required to halt non-humanitarian and non-counternarcotics aid to Colombia and to vote against loans to Colombia by certain multilateral development banks. U.S. law provides for the discretionary imposition of economic sanctions, which were not imposed. On February 26, 1998, the President determined that the vital national interests of the United States require that U.S. assistance to Colombia be provided to meet the increasing challenges posed to counternarcotics efforts in Colombia. The President thus granted Colombia a national interests certification, which waives the restrictions of decertification and allows for broader U.S. engagement with Colombia in the fight against illegal narcotics. Colombia, along with other drug producing and drug transit countries, will be reviewed for counter-narcotics performance again at by March 1, 1999 and each successive year....

6 Ways to Handle Employment Gaps on Your Resume

6 Ways to Handle Employment Gaps on Your Resume Have you had to bounce around a bit? Worried your recent job history will appear a bit erratic to potential employers? Though job hopping is becoming less and less stigmatized, and more and more employers and recruiters will be sensitive to the particular challenges of the marketplace and the current economy, there are still some situations wherein it’s best to downplay all your job activity. Here are 6  ways to minimize the damage of having employment gaps on your resume1. SummarizeIf you don’t already have a summary paragraph at the top of your resume, now’s the time to add one. Use it to define yourself, and then to guide the recruiter through the bullet points and information she’s about to take in. Use it to show how best to interpret your multiple recent job changes, and what narrative to take away from that. If you give a recruiter a greater narrative, that should stick with them. And, if you’re worried that recruiters might think youâ€⠄¢d be a flight risk? Emphasize in your summary that you are looking for a long-term position, or to be somewhere for the long haul. Get out in front of the story, as they say in the media.2. FocusOn three or four of your recent jobs and flesh them out in more detail than you normally would. Then make a more summarized section on previous employment, including multiple jobs within those dates, to minimize the feeling of having hopped around from job to job during that time.3. Find coherenceIf you can find a through-line to connect all of your hopping, then you’re golden. Perhaps these were all positions within the same field, or in hopes of rocketing up the ladder, or learning new skills. Or if you’ve hopped from industry to industry, emphasize instead the work you do, and how you’ve been trying to hone in on the perfect niche for it. Make your job hopping an asset by making it tell a story.4. Be honestIf you were laid off as the result of a merger or acquisitio n, or you were a contract worker, then some of your hopping was not at all your fault. It is totally okay to explain this on your resume. A quick parenthetical (formerly X Company) next to the company name will be a good start. Your summary paragraph will also help here.5. Fudge the monthsIf you can get away with taking out the months in your dates, and just leaving the years, then you can give the illusion of having worked at a place longer than you did. Using years only helps you to smooth over short-term gigs. You can also put the dates to the right of the job headings, rather than the left, to deemphasize them.6. Try a hybridIf all else fails, the hybrid resume might be for you. This is a new way of thinking about the resume, emphasizing your skills first, and your bulleted, chronological history second. Choose four to five responsibilities or skills or job facets that you’ve excelled in, across all of your jobs, and sell yourself as a primo candidate. By the time the hir ing manager gets to the second page with your list of actual job experience, she’ll already be convinced you can do the job.

Civil Engineering Structural Concentration Essay

Civil Engineering Structural Concentration - Essay Example Basically, the properties and characteristics of a polymer depend upon its structure. The strength of the plastics can be determined from a measurement known as the Young’s modulus. Young’s modulus is the ratio of stress over strain, i.e. elasticity and is measured in units of Pascal (Pa). Unfilled plastics usually have a Young’s modulus of less than 3.5 GPa at room temperature (â€Å"Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics†, 53). Their strength is also temperature sensitive and can be affected by environmental factors as well. The strength can be improved by using fillers and fibers as reinforcements in order to enhance the mechanical properties of the plastic. The tensile strength of most plastics is less than 35 MPa. A lesser tensile stress means a lesser rigidity (MatWeb, n.pag.) but this can be increased by using resin of higher Young’s modulus so as to provide with better reinforcements. The designing of the plastic also has a signif icant role in improving the strength of the plastic (â€Å"Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics†, 53). Lower quality or recycled plastics have a lower tensile strength and can break at a very low magnitude of stress. This is because after recycling the plastics are â€Å"down cycled† causing them to become less rigid and more amorphous thereby causing them to break at a lower stress level. The load on the above hanger is caused by hanging clothes. In this case the force or load is caused by the weight of the clothes which depends upon the thickness of the fabric. On average clothes weigh about 2 to 5 pounds (lbs) with the weight being centered at the middle point of the hanger. Continuous weight on one point of the hanger results in breakage. The fracture shown in Figure 1 illustrates that breakage has occurred midway along the length of the hanger leaving 18.5 cm on both sides. The hanger being

Foreign Direct Investment can have both positive and negative impacts Essay

Foreign Direct Investment can have both positive and negative impacts on both the host and home country - Essay Example These can be in the form of outright acquisition of a firm or a joint venture or construction of a facility. It can also include an association with a local company to gain rights for attendant input of technology (P. Graham and R. Barry Spaulding, n.d.). â€Å"It was twenty years ago that the late Stephen Hymer wrote his seminal thesis on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and multinational enterprises (MNEs). Since then the literature on these subjects has increased substantially and taken different directions, placing the multinational firms at the crossroads of many disciplines and of many debates as well†. (A.L. Calvet, p.43) Foreign direct investments of larger magnitude have deep effects on the economy of both the entities. Here with the help of real examples, it will be discussed how these effects can be positive as well as negative. As for this purpose we are focusing on both the host and home countries separately, so the advantages and disadvantages will be considered s eparately as well. But for the record it must be highlighted that these advantages and disadvantages are not fixed but, on the contrary, they are relative to both the host and home countries and their collective policies. HOST COUNTRY: ADVANTAGES The biggest advantage that a host company can derive from foreign domestic investment (FDI) is the globalization of its operations. Many large countries are focusing on it, e.g. China is the largest FDI host in the developing world. To compensate for the advantages that could be derived from these foreign investments, China has undergone significant changes with respect to its policies related to the FDIs. Until the mid 1980s FDIs were focusing on the construction sector involving the construction of hotels and apartments in the tourism and service industry. In 1986 China issued a new policy which encouraged the FDI into various other technically advanced sectors. These included manufacturing enterprises whose main focus was export and some basic industries such as new materials and agricultural. After these changes approximately 60% of the total foreign investments were part of the manufacturing sector of China (Yingqi Wei, Xiaming Liu, 2001). But from 1994 onwards, the investment boom in China seemed to go downhill. The statistics for foreign direct investments in terms of projects and contractual agreements turned negative and the growth rate of realized FDI also fell. The trend continued till 1999. But then in 2000 China recovered and since then it has closely monitored the inflows and outflows related to the foreign direct investments into its entities (Yingqi Wei, V. N. Balasubramanyam, 2004). Similarly Chile has been a FDI friendly-nation in Latin America. An agency of United Nations in Chile named The Economic Commission for Latin America and The Caribbean (Eclac) reported an inflow of USD 8.03 billion making Chile the third largest foreign direct investment in South America. FDI in Chile is mostly focused in the sector of mining. A survey by UNCTAD has shown that inward FDI in the developing countries has risen from $481 billion in 1998 to $636 billion in 2006. Among China and Chile other countries benefiting from foreign direct investments include Singapore, Philippines and India in Asia and other

Ethics - Terms to know Essay Example for Free

Ethics Terms to know Essay WorldviewThe way the world is seen made sense of; framework of individual understanding. e.g. Deism God abandoned creation Nihilism Reality has no value; traditional values unfounded Existentialism Life has no meaning but what we give it Eastern Pantheism Polytheism, i.e. Hinduism Naturalism Secular humanism / modernism; God is irrelevantnothing exists but natural world New Age Pantheism All is one; no distinction between plants, people; all are God Judeo-Christianity There is only one God who created universe; God is involved w/ creation Post Modernism God is dead; truth is a social construct; relativism prevails EthicsThe explicit, philosophical reflection on moral beliefs and practices. (The difference between ethics and morality is similar to the difference between musicology and music. Ethics is a conscious stepping back and reflecting on morality, just as musicology is a conscious reflection on music). Descriptive EthicsStating actual moral beliefs. Normative EthicsStudy of what is really right or wrong. MetaethicsStudy about field of Ethics. Metaethics Theories ObjectivismThere are correct and incorrect answers. SubjectivismThere are no correct or incorrect answers. AbsolutismAll moral rules hold without exceptionthere is only one truth; opposite of relativism, contrasts with consequentialism. RightsJustified claims upon other(s) for actions or non-actions. Negative Obligation (Right)An obligation to refrain from something or entitlements to do something without interference from other people. See also autonomy. Positive Obligation (Right)An obligation to perform / provide, etc., or entitlements that obligate others to do something positive to assist you. In remUniversal rights (obligations fall on all moral agents). In personamRestricted rights (obligations fall on selected individuals). General Obligationsmoral requirements of all moral beings. Role-related Obligationsmoral requirements of specific roles, e.g. MD, priest, etc. Strong PaternalismForced acts of beneficence on person able to decide. Weak PaternalismForced acts of beneficence on person unable to decide. Negative PaternalismRefraining from doing something to/for someone. 4 Main Ethical Principles / Values NonmaleficenceDo no harm; (Primum non nocere first, do no harm); a negative right. BeneficenceDo good; promoting the welfare of others; actively avoiding harm; a positive right. AutonomyNon-interference with others choices and freedom to make choices / self determination. Justice / Social JusticeEqual treatment for all. Ethical Systems Theories (*Related concepts) *ConsequentialismThe end justifies the means; the rightness or wrongness of any action depends on its consequences. *Utilitarianism (act)To act in a beneficial way based strictly on the good consequences for the most people; case-by-case analysis of each act. *Utilitarianism (rule) To act in a beneficial way (with good consequences for the most people) based on moral rules; categorical imperative? DeontologismIts not whether you win or lose, its how you play the game; some actions are right or wrong regardless of their consequences; contrasts with consequentialism. Relativismit all dependsall points of view are equally valid. Also: When in Rome, do as the Romans do (cultural relativism). Beauty is in the eye of the beholder (personal relativism). *Doctrine of Double Effectintention is everything; concerns only intended means or ends, not actual means or ends even if predictable (i.e. chemo side-F/Xs). Patient Relationship Models Engineering ModelJust the facts, maam; healthcare professionals as scientists presenting factspatients make decisions based on these facts. Paternalistic ModelDo what I say; decisions are made by healthcare professionals. Contractual ModelLets make a deal; healthcare professionals give informationassist patients in decision-making by making recommendations. ConfidentialityNot divulging information which another has revealed on condition of secrecy; patients right to privacy (of information). Deontological Argument for the Obligation of ConfidentialityRespecting confidentiality respects patient autonomy. Consequentialistic Argument for the Obligation of ConfidentialityRespecting confidentiality protects and promotes well-being of patients. 3 Accepted Exceptions for Divulging a Patient ConfidencePatient not competent, required by law, protect public interest. Truth Telling (Veracity)Obligation to tell the truth. Consequentialistic Case for Telling and Withholding the TruthDo what will most benefit/least harm patient; truth-telling / withholding truth context dependent. 3 (actually 4) Possible Exceptions to the Truth-Telling RuleFamily request, patient request, for the good of others (less so now), avoiding disastrous consequences (extreme cases). 5 Elements of Informed ConsentCompetence, information disclosure, understanding, voluntariness, and authorization.